INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK - Essay Example Various British designers are accredited with the reputation and image par excellence and would create opportunities for augmenting the possibilities of being inducted in reputed professional companies overseas or abroad (Andriopoulos, C., & Dawson, P. 2009). There is a leading company in United Kingdom that is privately owned and involved in clothing as its primary business. The company is also designing and an expert in retailing its brands of label range wears of various segments regardless of age. Mr. David Reiss the owner of the company Reiss took over from his father and created an opportunity of narrowing the gap in mass market clothes of high street as well as designer wears. It is pertinent to note that narrowing down the gap translates into provision of good quality as well as stylish clothes for prices that are amazingly affordable. The strategy following the aftermath of success creates vistas for opening up expansion in Dublin the capital of Ireland. The strategy can be created by launching wide ranges of women’s wear and globalize the business along with Dublin. Even though the efforts are on for making penetration into various countries the headway has been successful in claiming establishment of 27 outlets of retai l as well as concessions numbering to three in the United Kingdom until now. Mr. Reiss continues to be endowed with the capacity of a guiding influence with strength that is all pervasive in the company. The company Reiss is capable of creating a good brand value and an entry by creating an opportunity to internationalize the company in a manner that would be conducive for strategizing the brands and the segments. There has been successful expansion into the fields of new segments of wears including opportunities for children’s wears. This strategy should be further improved to create wide ranges of brands for encompassing a new

Leadership Styles Essay Example for Free

Leadership Styles Essay The leadership styles of the United States Presidents can make them effective or it can limit their effectiveness. The effectiveness of the President has direct effect on the American people. Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy were two leaders that had major influences in the mid-20th century. Both men played a key role in the United States involvement in Vietnam. The experiences, styles of leading, and characteristics of both President’s Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy intensified the level of involvement the United States had in the Vietnam experience. Even though the leadership styles may have differed, the two leaders refused to let communism spread (Moss, 2010). Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy’s leadership style although different had similar qualities. President Eisenhower and Kennedy could be considered to have the leadership styles of both the â€Å"Director† and â€Å"Navigator†. Thomas Preston has explained a Director style is a leader with â€Å"both extensive policy experience and a high need for power† (Preston, 2001). Directors have direct involvement in policy process by setting guidelines and advocating for their own personal views. The Navigator also has extensive expertise in policy but they also search for the opinions and viewpoints of other advisors. Navigators will gather the information and from the multiple different perspectives have a more deliberate decision making style. Without having a Navigator sense of style, the effectiveness of any leader can be limited because of a lack of information gathered and reviewed for decision. President Eisenhower proved his leadership style by the way he was involved in the political unrest in Vietnam. According to Preston, President Eisenhower â€Å"preferred formal, hierarchically organized advisory structure where information and advice could be centralized into a small inner circle of advisers† (Preston, 2001). However because of the President’s expertise in foreign policy he had a very active personal role in the policy process and delegated very little to other expert advisors. Eisenhower’s own preferences in policy lead to the policy decisions. President Eisenhower gave the command to intervene in southern Vietnam and replace the French (Moss, 2010). This was to maintain a non-Communist state thereby halting the potential spread of Communism. President Kennedy was interested in multiple perspectives on policy; he listened to different sources on conflicting views and planned for debates prior to decision making (Preston, 2001). Kennedy wanted political rest and peace in Vietnam but knew that without US involvement, the fighting and attacks on Vietnam would increase. Because of this, the United States became more heavily involved which meant more military forces and money being spent. Kennedy had made decisions to violate the provisions of the Geneva agreements of 1954, thereby increasing the U.S. military significantly in Vietnam. â€Å"Kennedy was not trying to win in Vietnam: he was doing only enough not to lose† (Moss, 2010). This sense of leadership by Kennedy was devised to protect the U.S. by only having a limited partnership with the Vietnam government. For President Kennedy, as a Director, he kept active involvemen t in policy process and needed assurance that his own thoughts and ideas would dominate the end result. However, as the Navigator, he trusted his advisory team and kept an open advisory system â€Å"characterized by a mixed formal-informal advice network† (Preston, 2001). With the dual leadership style the President called for the heavy military involvement in Vietnam in 1965 (Moss, 2010). By having expertise in foreign affairs and taking the advice of his advisors, President Kennedy made the important decision to become more involved in the war efforts. For the United States, the President’s leadership is very important. The President is the countries representation. It is both very prestigious and powerful to be voted in as President of the United States. The President has the ability to keep the United States from war, or send us to war. The President is in charge of the military, deciding where troops should be stationed and how weapons should be used. That is great power, and without the backing of the American people the President and his cabinet wouldn’t be as powerful as they are. The American people need to know that the President has their best interest in mind. In conclusion, regardless of who the President is, the need for leadership is of great importance. By having both the Director and Navigator style leadership, the role of the President can be effective. The expertise, the desire to have a powerful role but also having the willingness to view other opinions for decision making is essential to making a great leader. The role the President has to be one that is inspiring to the American people but also the American people need to trust their leader, without trust there would be weakness.

Symbol Quilts Story

Symbol Quilts Story Symbolism of Quilt in â€Å"Everyday Use?† by Alice Walker: An Analysis Symbol has been accepted by various scholars as one of the most important aspects of any piece of literature, since the entire plot revolves around it. â€Å"But what is a symbol? A symbol does not direct our attention to something else as a sign does. It does not direct at all. It â€Å"means† something else. It somehow comes to contain within itself the thing it means. The word â€Å"ball† is a sign to my dog and a symbol to me. If I say â€Å"ball† to my dog, he will respond like a good Pavlovian organism and look under the sofa and fetch it. But if I say â€Å"ball† to you, you will simply look at me and, if you are patient, finally say, â€Å"What about it?† The dog responds to the word by looking for thing; you conceive the ball through the word â€Å"ball.† Walker Percy Attribution: Walker Percy (1916-1990), U.S. novelist. The Message in the Bottle, ch. 7, Farrar (1975). In Alice Walkers short story â€Å"Everyday Use?† various symbols exist among which the most dominant is the quilts. Quilts are a fine example of a folk craft that started as simply useful and become emotionally charged. The patterns become artistically ambitious and emotionally meaningful, and the fabric used carried meaning as well. Not only that, but also how the quilts were made became part of the social structure. The symbolism of the quilts can be argued in various ways, depending upon the perspective either intended by the author or perceived by the reader. In this story, however, represent the connectedness of history and the intergenerational ties of the family. Now why are quilts so important in this story is it because it is the essence of pride in the family and needs to be displayed or is it because is it because it helps Dee feel superior over her own sister Maggie. Dee wishes to acquire the quilts because her grandmother stitched them by hand and in order to show her affection Dee wants to display the quilts by hanging them on the wall on her home. This does show her pride in her family but then again Dee gets outraged when her mother expresses her wish to give the quilts to Maggie. This is the point where Dees pride falls in the grey area. In Dees words â€Å"Maggie cant appreciate these quilts . . . Shed probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use . . . Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years theyd be in rags†. Dee does accept that the quilt represent her cultural heritage but never tried to understand the purpose of the quilts. Until the time when her mother and grandmother explained her Dee had no clue that giving Maggie the quilts help carry on the family tradition. It is not only important to accept Quilting as important tradition but to pass it as well. A tradition has no meaning if there is no one knows about it. Giving the quilts to Maggie is the best way to affirm that the connection of heritage will enhance and not only just bleakly exist. Thus, the above statements reveal the importance of symbolism. The same quilts represent heritage to both Dee and her mother but they perceive it quite differently than the other. Dee wants to preserve heritage and strongly believes that they are objects meant to be proud of and what can be a better method to reveal the pride by displaying them to the entire world. She is unable to perceive the knowledge and history attached with the quilts, and due to that fact her idea of â€Å"heritage† loses its very meaning to the core. According to her mother, however, one can not learn ones heritage until the tradition that tags along with it is understood. Dee has yet to experience the outside world, whereas Maggie has felt the treatment of the entire society while still remaining within the confines of her home. Dee feels as if her mother is unaware of the meaning and the importance of her familys heritage. But has she ever tried to realize her own heritage? In order to understand it took her mother and grandmother to make her reach down deep down in her soul. It was only then that Dee realized that although she had learned to live life with no boundaries, she has not yet attained the level of at which she could realize what is the most important question of her life What exactly is her heritage? Work Cited http://education.yahoo.com/reference/quotations/quote/54101 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_Use http://www.bownet.org/jmcdermott/everyday_use__by_alice_walker.htm

Clothes at School Essay -- essays research papers

In a 1969 Supreme Court case, Tinker vs. Des Moines, a controversy was started over students wearing black armbands to protest American involvement in the Vietnam War. From this case, and many others like it multiple school boards believe that with uniforms or stricter dress codes, the students will have better learning environments. Many schools now implement strict dress code standards, or school uniforms, because of the cases. Moreover, the students believe they already are not being allowed to express themselves and strict school dress codes and uniforms would not allow the students to do so. One of the things I believe a big deal in schools are uniforms. I personally am against uniforms at school. A reason as to why I feel this way is because they don’t allow people to be different, or express themselves. With uniforms a person is dull and exactly the same as the next. While it may be true that certain elements like hair color and gender make them different, it’s supposed to be more than just that; clothes and not uniforms are suppose to help a student be this unique person. In the US, students have a right to a free and public education. With out depending on whether the student chooses to wear a uniform or not. Have you ever noticed the person way in the back of class that’s wearing expensive clothes, and ponder is he/she like the persona of the clothes he/she’s wearing outside of school? Well I have, and stereotyping really comes out best in what a person wears. Yo...

Summary of the Lawnmower Man

Summary The lawnmower man The lawnmower man is a short story by Stephen King. The lawnmower man is about Harold Parkette, who after an accident with his lawnmower and the neighbors dog, decides to sell his lawnmower. After a while the lawn starts to get higher. He decides to hire a lawnmower to do the lawn for him. He calls the firm Pastoral greenery and outdoor service. Not long after a lawnmower shows up at his house. He is the usual type, he knows all to well. While the lawnmower takes care of his lawn, he sits down whit the paper and a beer.A loud racketing roar awakens him from his thoughts. He rushes to the front lawn. He is greeted by a strange sight. The lawnmower is driving itself, and the lawnmower is completely naked and is crawling on all four behind the mower eating the grass. Harold gets terrified by the experience. The lawnmower tells Harold that he isn’t actually working for Pastoral greenery and outdoor service, but his boss is Pan, who is a apart of the greek mythology, he is the god of animals and wild.He is half goat halt human. The lawnmower man tells Harold that his boss is always looking for new recruits. Harold is frightened and goes to the phone to call the police, and tell what is going on. While on the phone with the police, the front door gets smashed and in comes the lawnmower with the lawnmower man behind him. The lawnmower man tells him that Harold made a mistake by calling the police.He gets closer to Harold, and Harold retreats to the kitchen while holding a chair in front of him. The lawnmower decides that it’s Harold turn to get lawned. Harold runs out of the door and onto the lawn. He trips over his own feet, and the last thing he sees is mower sharp blades which are green from cutting the lawn. The police arrives after the neighbors calls them, and all thats left of him is in birdbath, and the smell of newly cut grass is still in the air.

Alliance Management At Forbes Marshall Essays

Alliance Management At Forbes Marshall Essays Alliance Management At Forbes Marshall Essay Alliance Management At Forbes Marshall Essay This report will highlight why FM chose to engage in alliances instead Of acquisitions as its primary method Of creating a competitive advantage as an innovative global manufacturing firm. Horizontal integration strategies offer certain similar advantages but have various differences that are attractive to companies depending on their objectives and ultimately their risk appetite. Strategic alliances and acquisitions both lead to operational synergies, increased market penetration, access to human capital, decreased competition and potential for greater profitability. However, in the case of FM, the company relied very heavily on alliances due to a number of reasons mentioned below and is also highlighted in Appendix A (Comparative Analysis of Acquisitions and Alliances): 1) Decreased Risk Capital- Risk Capital is defined as the capital that cant be recovered if the company goes bankrupt. FM has absolutely no exposure to their partners risk capital through horizontal integration as it allows them to sell products and reap the benefits as one entity but not be exposed to any potential suffering due to the others financial performance. Strategic alliances make it a lot easier to walk away from if the worst-case scenario were to occur, not only mitigating risk factors UT also eliminating downside risk as a whole. It becomes an alternate to vertical integration, without the problematic bureaucratic costs from inefficient production processes and lack technological progress within a very static company. Mergers through vertical integration may expose a company to reap all the benefits from the acquisition, however it also implies that the company inherits the risks involved. Fem. strategic alliance with Kronor is a great example as through the horizontal integration, FM does not have any control nor are they affected financially by the way Kronor operates in the German markets. This leads on to another strategic implication called due diligence. FM didnt have to conduct a very extensive due diligence prior to their alliances making the process of forming joint ventures significantly easier and a lot quicker proving beneficial for both entities involved. ) Increased Market penetration- Existing customer segments, brand loyalty, demand for existing products are some of the advantages of forming alliances in new markets. Alliances provided FM the opportunity to leverage an already existing brand in the market and capitalize on their profitability on unique and innovative products sold in the market. This can be directly related to attributes of the Fem. transnational strategy of gaining a competitive advantage through alliances in different markets thereby increasing their market penetration and brand recognition in India and Abroad. For example, the joint venture with Spiral allowed FM to capitalize on Spiral competitive advantage of providing products that would enable Indian companies save energy. By employing a localized customer oriented product offering, FM managed to compete with companies like Thermal Ltd ND Armstrong International that only brought foreign made products for sale in India. This reduced industry rivalry by portraying FM as a company that is a lot larger in size, enabling it to penetrate further into the market since their competitors werent customer focused at all. ) Retain Individual Operational Control and Cultural Differences: FM used alliances to grow as a unified business force in the global market by providing a diverse range of products tailored to specific customer needs, all while maintaining its individual core values and unique practices. Conducting any type of merger in NY foreign market exposes the companies involved to a variety of differences in cultural and operational matt ers across different borders. Through forming strategic alliances, FM collaborated conducted operations with companies that share the same core values without educate themselves on the different cultural norms these companies face with their specific customer segments. A number of important competences were gained from these alliances that FM previously lacked strengthening the company as a leader in Marketing and Sales, Logistics, and ultimately customer satisfaction. Although these synergies would have still been present through an acquisition, an alliance was more favorable as they didnt force the entities involved to change culturally or operationally, but allowed them to voluntarily improve their operational competencies and strengthen their competitive advantage. From a strategic perspective, this worked out very well, since customer preferences werent affected by these joint ventures, and demand for entity specific products continued to grow. ) Operational Synergies- For FM, reaching out to an international customer base, benefits from economies call through production, and learning innovative competences were the primary reason why they engaged in alliances. For example, FM gained a significant portion of Cadets technological expertise from the joint venture with Code, all while providing Coded with the enhanced opportunity to economically conduct business in India. An acquisition would also provide similar benefits but there is no certaint y that the operational synergies would stay the same after. Refer to Appendix B for key competencies gained from Fem. alliances. 5) Lower Costs Structure This strategic decision implemented y FM to keep the location of production in India while also engaging in a variety of business activities worldwide led to large growth and dominant success as a differentiated multinational company. The economic benefits that arose from continuing the value creation activity of research, development, and mainly production in the local plant situated in India were tremendous. One of the biggest advantages of forming alliances was an increased bargain power with suppliers that allowed FM to reduce costs for direct materials since they company can get volume discounts from being a argue buyer. Furthermore, forming alliances allowed FM to focus on continuing to reap the economic benefits such increased market power, lower product costs and production efficiency, while having newly ventured partners reap the benefits of on extracting the most out of their newly entered profitable Indian Markets. ) Differentiated Value Proposition and Customer Offering- FM enhanced the quality of its core business products by employing the strategies used by the companies they partnered with, thereby allowing them to strengthen their differentiated value proposition. For example, FM used the alliance with Kronor to develop several good practices in R and manufacturing that ultimately allowed it to be represented as the producers of the most accurate flow meter in the world. Acquisitions On the other hand do provide the same benefits, however they come with the added risk of ownership to the brand and thereby exposing the company to risks associated with fluctuating demand for products not necessarily in the parents line of expertise. To conclude, this report indicated that the benefits achieved through alliances re a lot more favorable when compared to acquisitions. It is not certain that Forbes Marshall engaged in numerous strategic alliances with in intentions of growing as a differentiated company that provided solutions tailored to customer needs and expectations. Instead of being an imported/exporter of products and innovations through their ventures, FM managed to capitalize on the expertise and competencies of the companies they ventured With and ultimately became a global leader in process efficiency and energy conservation. Appendix A -? Comparative Analysis of Alliances Vs. Acquisitions

The Mistress of Evil is born Professor Ramos Blog

The Mistress of Evil is born Maleficent was a young, kind-hearted fairy who was the protector of an enchanted garden she lived in, called Moors. She had such a pure soul that was generated with nothing but love and was extremely loyal to her kingdom. So, what happened? What caused this euphoric fairy to become so malevolent, and what made her want to curse a newborn baby to a teenage death? Well, there are a series of unfortunate events that occurred which transformed this pure-hearted fairy into a cold-hearted, villainous sprite. The lonely Maleficent was heart-broken, betrayed and had something valuably precious taken from her, which would later then turn her into the mistress of evil. Growing up as a young orphaned child, Maleficent grew up alone. Her parents were killed as she was a small infant, leaving her lone, and having to raise herself. Due to the fact that she had no guardians, she was living without the proper love and affection, as that would affect her development. Livestrong states that, â€Å"Children may manifest moderate to severe levels of cognitive, physical and emotional stagnation when not shown adequate attention and affection by a caring and nurturing caregiver† (Livestrong). As Maleficent got older, she was never able to comprehend what love was or the joy of helping others. Though she tried her best, she was still a very strong and independent woman who kept her guard held high as her only duty was to protect Moors from human trespassers. Livestrong also claims that, â€Å"Orphans cling to any adult who showed them a modicum of affection. Children who lack proper affection may consequently form indiscriminate bonds with any adult and be unable to properly process refusals of affection †¦ and have difficulties with trust† (Livestrong). Fortunately, Maleficent was eventually able to form a bond with a human boy who accidentally wandered his way into Moors. His name was Stefan. Maleficent and Stefan discover how much they really have in common, due to the fact that they are both orphans. Human trespassers are prohibited from Moors, but Stefan wanted to continue seeing Maleficent so she begins to allow his visits more and more. Stefan visits Moors enough for the two to develop feelings and fall in love with each other. This causes Maleficent to let her guard down, due to the fact that she trusts and is in love with Stefan. This is the first time that she has ever received any form of affection and from a human. Reflecting back into Maleficent’s life, we eventually begin to learn how madly in love her and Stefan were with each other, having a huge effect in Maleficent’s future. After her sixteenth birthday, Stefan gifted her with a true loves kiss. However, after that, years pass and Stefan eventually stops visiting Moors which starts to affect Maleficent as she has anxiously grown such an attachment towards him. It isn’t until Moors becomes maliciously under attack, from the current King Henry and his army of knights, that she is reunited with Stefan. Victory is with all the mystical creatures/sprites of Moors and in result, King Henry is terribly wounded. Stefan, unfortunately was working for King Henry, as Maleficent does not know. The King is now on his death bed and demands Stefan to slay Maleficent. As Stefan spends his last few nights with his love, he does not have it in him to kill her, therefore; he drugs her and cuts off her wings, leaving her alone, drugged a nd wing-less. As proof of a killing, Stefan presents Maleficent’s wings to the proud King Henry. This led Maleficent down a dark path when she woke up, because not only was this her first heartbreak but she was also betrayed, this was all new to her. She was left alone confused, vulnerable and devastated. This was her first experience with love and now her perception of it, was destroyed. She let her guard down for a human trespasser, even when she was hesitant, and because of her love and trust, he was able to steal her wings. Stefan’s treachery, along with a broken heart, was the remote cause that made her heart cold, causing permanent damage to her trust and sanity. This cause Maleficent to lose her trust, and she was now numb to humans, love and life. Maleficent’s precipitating cause was later finding out the Stefan exchanged her wings in return of the throne. Stefan became a king, due to the passing of King Henry and because of Maleficent’s wings. He then married and welcomed a newborn baby girl into his world and Maleficent was infuriated. Not only did King Stefan break her heart and her trust, but he stole her wings and for royalty at that. I feel as though she felt so many emotions of anger, sadness, vulnerability and this caused her to seek revenge. King Stefan’s actions are what led to Maleficent’s breaking point and at that moment she became the evil queen of Moors and ran amuck. In result, this would affect King Stefan, causing Maleficent to eventually pay a visit to his kingdom and curse his newborn baby Aurora, at her christening. The curse being that once Princess Aurora turns sixteen, she will die before sunset due to pricking her finger on a spinning wheel’s spindle and would instant ly fall to an ageless slumber, waiting for a true loves kiss to awaken her and reverse the spell. Of course, Maleficent does not believe in love, it does not exist to her, therefore her spell seems to be very effective in her eyes. Due to the betrayal of King Stefan, â€Å"The Monster Polices the Borders of the Possible† (12) theory becomes relevant. After the cursing of Aurora, a new fear was introduced throughout the kingdom, causing immediate action. No one wanted to leave, and so much was improvised, such as walls/barriers protecting the kingdom from the outside. This also caused King Stefan to react in fear, enforcing that every single spinning wheel’s spindle be removed from the kingdom. â€Å"The Monster prevents mobility, delimiting the social spaces through which private bodies may move† (Cohen). In Jeffery Cohen’s Monster Culture Theory, his seventh thesis: â€Å"The Monster Stands at the Threshold. . .of becoming† (20) he expresses that, â€Å"The things of darkness I acknowledge mine. Monsters are our children. They ask us to reevaluate our cultural assumptions about race, gender, sexuality, our perception of difference, our tolerance towards its expressions. They ask us why we have created them.† (20). This theory applies to Maleficent and the series of events that she had gone through, which crafted her into an evil individual. The fear from everyone surrounding her made her an outcast, plus she was a mystical creature as well. After reflecting on Maleficent’s life, you obtain a better understanding as to why she turned evil and proceeded her vengeful wicked actions. In the end, Maleficent understood the true meaning of true love and what it felt like. She is still the most feared fairy in the kingdom, though she will always be the Mistress of Evil. Since the monster always escapes, as Cohen states, Maleficent will be back for an even bigger sequel and she isn’t going anywhere. Work Cite Page â€Å"A Lack of Affection in Childhood Development.† LIVESTRONG.COM, Leaf Group, livestrong.com/article/525439-a-lack-of-affection-in-childhood-development/.Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† Monster Theory: Reading Culture, University of Minnesota Press, 1997, pp. 3–25. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† Monster Theory: Reading Culture, University of Minnesota Press, 1997, pp. 3–25. â€Å"Maleficent Wiki.†Maleficent Wiki | FANDOM Powered by Wikia, maleficent.fandom.com/wiki/Maleficent_Wiki. RMIT Training PTY LTD. â€Å"#{}.†Screen Education, Australian Teachers of Media Inc. (ATOM), search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=096206161021818;res=IELHSS. Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew. Introduction: Monsters are the Most Interesting People. The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, Ashgate Publishing, 1st edition, 2014. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ashgtmonster/introduction_monsters_are_the_most_interesting_people/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 18 Jul. 2019.

Similarities and differences between Democracy and Dictatorship

Similarities and differences between Democracy and Dictatorship Introduction The world is home to diverse systems of governance. Different countries are governed differently due to a variety of reasons, mostly depending on their geographical location, political affiliations, and religious background to a lesser extent. Democracy is the most favored system of governance while dictatorship is loathed by many. This paper seeks to compare and contrast democracy and dictatorship as systems of governance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities and differences between Democracy and Dictatorship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Description of democracy and dictatorship Democracy is often described as a form of â€Å"governance in which all the adult citizens of a given country have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives† (Diamond and Marc 168). This implies that the citizens have a way of participating in the formation of the rules and laws by which they are g overned. Democratic principles may encompass cultural, economic and other social practices that encourage free and fair competition, particularly in the political arena (Diamond and Marc 168). On the other hand, dictatorship can be defined as a form of government that is controlled by an individual or a small collection of individuals. Power is concentrated around the individual or the small group of people and is often obtained through force or inheritance (Bueno, Alastair and Morrow 15). Similarities between democracy and dictatorship There are very few similarities between democracy and dictatorship. Both can be identified as forms of governance. Democratic and dictatorial regimes both vest their authority in one person or a few individuals. Both types of government can be effective or infective depending on several factors that may involve the particular individual holding the executive authority. A dictatorship is generally a poor form or governance. However, democracy can also be weak if it’s often locked in disagreements. It’s usually believed that there are no true democracies as most of them typically carry some aspects of dictatorship. Both systems are designed to effectively control the people only that in democracies people think that the ruling elite has their consent to rule (Diamond and Marc 168). Differences between democracy and dictatorship Democracy and dictatorship differ in many ways. The differences mainly pertain to the concept of governance and the methodology applied (Bueno, Alastair and Morrow 132). A dictator exercises absolute power and often formulates laws that are meant to suppress competition. On the other hand, the choice to create the rules of governance and other regulations is usually made by the people. In democracies, people are given a chance to choose what works best for them. Decisions are arrived at through a consultative process where everyone is allowed to provide his/her views. In a dictatorship, an in dividual or a small group of influential persons make choices on behalf of the people.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The laws that govern the rights of people and the economy are framed for the people in a dictatorship (Bueno, Alastair and Morrow 57). On the hand, democracies give people the power to make laws. The freedoms and rights of citizens, media, civil society, and other organizations are often curtailed in dictatorial systems of governance. People are often not allowed to say what they think is right for them. In democracies, citizens, media, civil society, and other organizations are usually free to initiate any meaningful change. Conclusion This paper sought to identify the similarities and differences between democracy and dictatorship. Both have been identified as systems of governance which have very few similarities unless the principles of democracy are compromised to bring in some elements of dictatorship. However, the two are different in several ways that mainly relate to the rights and freedoms of citizens and the concentration of power. Bueno, Mesquita, Smith Alastair and James Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003. Diamond, Larry and Plattner Marc. Electoral Systems and Democracy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 2006.

Citing particular examples, discuss how far pop music can be Essay

Citing particular examples, discuss how far pop music can be considered textual poachers (Henry jerkins) - Essay Example Apparently, a topic that attempts to capture the dynamics of any culture within the context of social icons and the mentality of their followers, could not adequately incorporate and interact with the controversies thereon as textual poachers does with pop music. Originally, Henry Jerkins did a lot of studies surrounding television entertainment with shows and movie series as the centre of interest for many fans. The provocative interaction that the television fan base makes with the ideal universe created by the shows that they faithfully follow blind them such that they fail to conceptualize the idealism involved in the productions. The author states that this creates a culture that tries to fit in the idealism provoked by the entertainment culture (Jenkins, 1992, p277). In a similar manner, the pop music industry can be assessed for a possibility of a similar idealism generated within the music setting and consequential spilling over to the real life of the fans to the extent that they â€Å"live† the idealism. In an attempt to explain the role of fans in the generation of new idealistic cultures, Jenkins (1992, p23) reports that fans find it fashionable and defensive to relate to a certain mass following of an entertainment platform. Further in the description of the behaviour of the fan group, the author reports that the identity and associating with the common following accords the group a manipulative force that enables it to form a culture. Producers of the original text from which the apparent poaching happens voice their displeasure by referring to the fans as cultural dupes or even senseless customers of the literary piece. Works of art that are presented to the audience commonly through the media are initially meant to be just entertainment content; but the audience blow off the balance between the text intention and imaginations not intended by the producer. There is an eventual loss of the art intention

An Evaluation of Financial Accounting & Reporting Essay

An Evaluation of Financial Accounting & Reporting - Essay Example In 2005, 80% companies in Japan and 71% of UK companies have reported about CSR, which can be described as highest reporting in this area. Between 2002 and 2005, South Africa reported about 17% increase in reporting and this is considered to be a remarkable increase. KPMG research report published in 2005 also demonstrated a significant change in the nature of reporting, and it modified from chiefly environmental reporting until 1999 to sustainability (environmental, economic and social ) reporting of late. (Nehme& Wee 2008:135). CSR is not a new concept. It has been in existence in many parts of the world including Australia since from the nineteenth century. For instance, US Steel is continuously reporting on CSR issues regularly from the twentieth century onwards. Further, as early as 1850, Levi Strauss & Co has stated in its annual reports that it committed to offering a quality product, a best community service and good working atmosphere for its employees. (Nehme& Wee 2008:143). Socially responsible companies offers olive branch or positive signals to all of its stakeholders and distinguish themselves from their rivals , thereby augmenting both of their short and long-term gains; Philanthropic and ethical considerations- companies have general obligations to the societies they operate from. Under â€Å" noblesse oblige† which connotes the obligation of nobility , the notion that a company as an entity is far more vigorous than any single individual and hence assumes larger obligations toward society. (Nehme& Wee 2008:135). A company has to look into not only its financial bottom line but also to give due importance to their environmental and social performance. (Figge and Hahn 2001). The GRI states that ‘the triple bottom line of environmental, economic and social performance is to be dealt in a sustainability report. (Schaltegger, Bennett and Burritt 2006: 584). A research study namely â€Å"International Survey of Corporate Sustainability

CJUS 310-DB4 Replies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJUS 310-DB4 Replies - Essay Example Further, you point out that mentors help adolescents perform certain tasks and as such, give them the direction they should adopt in life. While I do not disagree entirely with this argument, mentors play bigger roles in influencing the careers that the adolescents take. Some of the parents hire mentors to help their children perform certain tasks such as cooking and washing, among others. However, other mentors seek to influence positively the life of adolescents by providing them with information and knowledge on career choices, issues affecting them and how to overcome such challenges. Adolescents thus find it easy to confine in these individuals rather than other people. In your argument, you point out the various roles played by mentors in the society. According to your argument, â€Å"mentoring is a way to prevent delinquency.† While this is true, I seek to differ in that not only do mentorship reduce delinquency, but also play a big role in developing responsible adults in the society. It is inadequate classifying mentorship as only trying to prevent delinquency. Although adolescents face a myriad of issues, the reality is that some of them find ways of overcoming these challenges, and as such, are not victims of delinquency. Nevertheless, these require mentorship on how to mentor their peers and help them adopt safe lifestyles. Expecting for this, I agree with the argument that mentors have responsibilities. All mentors should be role models for the children in whichever capacity they serve. Subsequently, they should assume work that perfectly corresponds with their credentials. While some could be relatively educated and have relative jo bs, they could demonstrate the advantages of humbleness and the need for having plans in

Histology - Fixation techniques Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Histology - Fixation techniques - Coursework Example and Pugsley, M. 2013. An Overview of Colorimetric Assay Methods Used to Assess Survival or Proliferation of Mammalian Cells. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc, 54 pp. 10-14. [Accessed: 30 Nov 2013]. 3. Immunohistochemistry.us. n.d. Immunohistochemistry Techniques. [online] Available at: http://www.immunohistochemistry.us/what-is-immunohistochemistry/Immunohistochemistry-Techniques.html [Accessed: 30 Nov 2013]. 4. INTRODUCTION TO TISSUE FIXATION-Chapter 12. 2013. [e-book] pp. 1-13. Available through: http://histologycourse.com http://histologycourse.com/Tissue%20Fixation-Lecture%2012.pdf [Accessed: 30 Nov 2013]. 7. Loqman, M., Bush, P., Farquharson, C. and Hall, A. 2010. A CELL SHRINKAGE ARTEFACT IN GROWTH PLATE CHONDROCYTES WITH COMMON FIXATIVE SOLUTIONS: IMPORTANCE OF FIXATIVE OSMOLARITY FOR MAINTAINING MORPHOLOGY. Europeon cells and materials, 19 (1473-2262), pp. 214-227. Available at: http://www.ecmjournal.org/journal/papers/vol019/pdf/v019a21.pdf [Accessed: 30 Nov 2013]. 11. Rolls, G., Chapman, C., Rasanen, M. and Stephen Peters, D. n.d. Histology Sample Preparation. [online] Available at: http://www.leicabiosystems.com/pathologyleaders/topics/histology-sample-preparation/ [Accessed: 30 Nov

A Financial Ratio Quarterly Trend Analysis of Kia Motors Research Paper

A Financial Ratio Quarterly Trend Analysis of Kia Motors - Research Paper Example This report represents a financial trend analysis of the company over four (4) quarters ending December 31, 2010. It also looks at a comparison of the performance of Kia Motors with the industry for the year ended December 31, 2010 and provides a SWOT analysis of the company. In addition to that the report at the ethical guidelines under which the company operates and makes recommendations to potential stakeholders. 2.0 Financial Ratio Computation & Analysis Financial ratios are used to determine the financial health of a business. The table in the Appendix below provides information on five categories of ratios which will be used to assess the financial health of KIA Motors Corporation. 2.1 Trend Analysis The table in the Appendix shows the quarterly trends for various ratios for the year ended December 31, 2010 in order liquidity asset utilization, profitability, Debt and market. 2.1.1 Liquidity ratios Liquidity ratios indicate the amount of funds the company has on hand to pay its debts as they fall due. The current ratio includes inventory which is not very liquid while the quick ratio does not. The table in the Appendix indicates that the current ratio for the 3 quarters range between 0.73 and 0.76 which is below 1. The quick ratio which does not include inventory ranges between 0.56 and 0.59. An acceptable current and quick ratio is 1.5 and 0.8 respectively (BPP Media Learning 2009). Other ratios such as working capital and current liabilities to inventory also indicates a worrying picture for Kia Motors in terms of the company’s ability to pay its debts as they become due. 2.1.2 Asset Utilization Asset utilization ratios indicate how efficiently the assets in the company’s operations have been utilized. The ratios in the Appendix show an inventory turnover rate of between 6 and 8 times for each quarter and a turnover of approximately 27 ti mes for the year. The asset turnover is a measure of how well the assets Kia Motors are being used to generate revenue (BPP 2009). The quarterly asset turnover rate ranged from 0.39 to 0.49 with the annual rate being the cum1.66. These rates show high and moderate efficiency levels respectively in the use of Kia Motors assets. 2.1.3 Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios are a combination of the effects of liquidity, asset management and debt on operating results (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2005). The ratios indicated in the Appendix as profitability ratios include profit margin which indicates the net profit percentage earned on sales of between 2% and 13% per quarter. The trends indicate vast improvements in the 2nd quarter of an 8% increase, up from 2%. The quarterly return on assets (ROA) for Kia Motors range from 1% to 5% per quarter and 13% for the year ended December 31, 2010. In the 2nd quarter there was a 2% increase over the 1st quarter while quarters 3 and 4 showed increases of 1%. The company’s returns on equity (ROE) increased from 2% in quarter 1 to 7%, *% and 11% in quarters 2, 3 and 4 respectively, ending with a return for the year of 26%. This is considered favorable for shareholders. 2.1.4 Debt Utilization Ratios Debt ratios provide an indication of the level of financial risk in the companies

The Difference Between Modern And Medieval States Essay

The Difference Between Modern And Medieval States - Essay Example The basic advantage of a democratic political system is the scope for decision-making about the ruling power of the country by the general citizens of the country. The second advantage is that the system averts the emergence of monopoly rule of the party in possession of the central power. Functions in favor of the general public have to be ensured by the political party effectively. Moreover, a feeling of responsibility emerged among the ruling class towards the general citizens through this political system since they owe these common people their very accomplishment in the state elections. This feeling helps the ruling party gain an inspiration for the proper fulfillment of their duties. Moreover, the responsibility of the citizens towards the society in which they are residing also increased through this system, as they are the ones choosing the ruling class. However, since every political system has certain structural flaws democracy is no exception. Common people can in some in stances make the choice that proves to be wrong for the society being unconscious of every political matter and hence the decision may affect the society. Moreover, the public can be sometimes easily influenced in taking wrong decisions. Common people can be manipulated through hordes thus forcing them to take some decision under the pressure of the majority. However, despite these flaws, this political system encourages team effort and prohibits the authority in performing against the desire of the majority.

Histology - Fixation techniques Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Histology - Fixation techniques - Coursework Example and Pugsley, M. 2013. An Overview of Colorimetric Assay Methods Used to Assess Survival or Proliferation of Mammalian Cells. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc, 54 pp. 10-14. [Accessed: 30 Nov 2013]. 3. Immunohistochemistry.us. n.d. Immunohistochemistry Techniques. [online] Available at: http://www.immunohistochemistry.us/what-is-immunohistochemistry/Immunohistochemistry-Techniques.html [Accessed: 30 Nov 2013]. 4. INTRODUCTION TO TISSUE FIXATION-Chapter 12. 2013. [e-book] pp. 1-13. Available through: http://histologycourse.com http://histologycourse.com/Tissue%20Fixation-Lecture%2012.pdf [Accessed: 30 Nov 2013]. 7. Loqman, M., Bush, P., Farquharson, C. and Hall, A. 2010. A CELL SHRINKAGE ARTEFACT IN GROWTH PLATE CHONDROCYTES WITH COMMON FIXATIVE SOLUTIONS: IMPORTANCE OF FIXATIVE OSMOLARITY FOR MAINTAINING MORPHOLOGY. Europeon cells and materials, 19 (1473-2262), pp. 214-227. Available at: http://www.ecmjournal.org/journal/papers/vol019/pdf/v019a21.pdf [Accessed: 30 Nov 2013]. 11. Rolls, G., Chapman, C., Rasanen, M. and Stephen Peters, D. n.d. Histology Sample Preparation. [online] Available at: http://www.leicabiosystems.com/pathologyleaders/topics/histology-sample-preparation/ [Accessed: 30 Nov

The Difference Between Modern And Medieval States Essay

The Difference Between Modern And Medieval States - Essay Example The basic advantage of a democratic political system is the scope for decision-making about the ruling power of the country by the general citizens of the country. The second advantage is that the system averts the emergence of monopoly rule of the party in possession of the central power. Functions in favor of the general public have to be ensured by the political party effectively. Moreover, a feeling of responsibility emerged among the ruling class towards the general citizens through this political system since they owe these common people their very accomplishment in the state elections. This feeling helps the ruling party gain an inspiration for the proper fulfillment of their duties. Moreover, the responsibility of the citizens towards the society in which they are residing also increased through this system, as they are the ones choosing the ruling class. However, since every political system has certain structural flaws democracy is no exception. Common people can in some in stances make the choice that proves to be wrong for the society being unconscious of every political matter and hence the decision may affect the society. Moreover, the public can be sometimes easily influenced in taking wrong decisions. Common people can be manipulated through hordes thus forcing them to take some decision under the pressure of the majority. However, despite these flaws, this political system encourages team effort and prohibits the authority in performing against the desire of the majority.

European Politics Essay Example for Free

European Politics Essay European Union has a evolutional history. Many Countries struggle to attain Independence’s this the only aim of the European Nations’struggle? This paper has discussed the reasons there struggle some being to attain Independence, others needed to be autonomous and others wanting to unite with Russia. They faced many challenges, and were organized in parties. European politics is involved with the continuous political evolution. Due to the high political unity amongst European states as well as the state’s long history, European politics is more detailed compared to other continents. The European political make-up has been contributed to by its historical events, culture, economy and its geographical location. European Union is dominant in the modern European politics. This occurred since the collapse of the Eastern Bloc of communists’ states and the fall of iron curtains. After World War II the EU expand towards the East and included 27 states as members. These states are represented in the European parliament. European has been undergoing political transformation even since 1763 to 1787. After the seven years’ war (1756-63) there was a stability period of peace. In 1702-1714, there was the war of the Spanish succession, and this was after many years of the great World War. This war took fifty years. Some British and French statesmen had tried to create a long lasting peace by use of collective security, but the old contests had not stopped after the Utrecht-Rastatt’s peace and some more including Northern Europe, Germany, Near East and Italy developed in the succeeding decades. It was in the seven years’ war of 1756-63 when a climax of forty years of imbalance of struggle for power was reached. This war was bigger than the war of Spanish succession and more blood was shed, and ended up with its fighters tired of fighting and exhausted. The results were decisive in continental theatres as well as in maritime, but in varying at up. Spain was defeated by Britain in the fight for colonies and seas control defeated France on sea, and by Prussia on land. This made France to collapse financially. The aggressive spirit of King Frederick the Great of Prussia was decreased at the end of war. European states are part of the international organizations which are political and economically. Almost all European states are members of European council which is the only Pan-European organization. The activities of the European council are programs that harmonize regulations and law amongst the member state in citizenship, bioethics. Heritage protection the linguistic and cultural minority right among others. In other terms the council can be related to regional version state jointly related to government and national union. It plays role as a market, with customs union, common policy in Agriculture and Fisheries as well as acting as a single currency with thirteen of its twenty seven members adopting. This union constitutes the largest economy worldwide consisting 2007 nominal GDP of 15. 849 million USD. The union primarily started as an economic union before evolving into a political policy, and this has been contributed by the many political areas within EU competence. There has been a debate between and within some member states concerning more development in political competence of EU. There was a military alliance of European states together with United States of America and Canada, commonly known as North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which was founded as a collective security as a result of World War II. This alliance targeted to provide defense incase the Soviet Union attacked the European allies of United States. The attack was to be treated as if it had attacked the United States bearing in mind it was composed of the largest military. They expected to get the best defense, but the Soviet never invaded Europe, instead the alliance was involved in September 12th 2001, responding to the previous day’s attack on the United States. GUAM organization for Democracy and Economic Development was formed to counter the Russia’s influence in that area. This group constituted four common wealth independent states (CIS) that is Georgia, Ukraine, Azerba-Ijan and Moldova, though it was encouraged and backed up by the United States. It reached a time when it appeared to have ceased its operation but there is a possibility to revive its operation through developments. The common wealth of the independent states (CIS) has few supranational powers, but it’s a symbolic organization that has power to coordinate trade, security, law making and finance. It came up with a full-fledged free trade zone between its members, who are 12 states of 15 states of former Soviet Union, excluding Baltic States, in 2005. This confederation has enhances cooperation on democratization and has prevented cross border crime. In devolutionary pressures, movements requiring independence or autonomy varied in politically and popularity support depending on campaign, and the kind of movements Georgia has two region and wanted to join with Russia, in Italy, there was a small independent movement, and the Lega Nord, the Italian political party, supports, blamed southern Italy for blocking progress and getting tax funds away and condemned them as racial nationalist group. On the other hand it supported the Northern Italy. Italy is to be divided into two countries, the North and the South. In Netherlands, Frisian National party sought autonomy for Friesland without caring about Fresian culture and without striving for total independent. Transylvania belonged to Austria-Hungary before the Treaty of Triarion. There is small minority Hungarian ethic who felt like reuniting with Hungary. These are habitants of Romania. The North Caucasus border of Russia, supports has movements in search for independence. The English Democrats in United Kingdom saw the need for England to devolve. In United Kingdom is composed for a mixture of many parties with different wills. In this state, there are movements and parties that needed independence and at the same time some parties wanted to be incorporated in the Republic of Ireland thus saw not need of the province being in the union. After the election of Victor Yuschenko as a president some areas in Ukraine wanted to join Russia. Ukraine did not only have movements that wanted complete independence, but also the urge to get higher autonomy, after uniting with Russia. Though some autonomous regions of Spain are peaceful, they violently acquired the peace. In 2006, there were international negotiations to define final status of Kosovo a Serbia’s province, which all through had territorial and political dispute between its ethnic population and the Serbian government organization. In 1532, some movements in Northern France lost independence, and they wanted to regain it. These countries in the State had different needs as pertains the movement’s nature or rather composition to the kind of campaign. These needs or rather goals varied from attaining autonomy, attaining independence or the need to reunite with Russia. The Unions’ membership enlargement poses a political issue trying to know from the diving the extent at which the block should move. The block location in terms of size and the fear of the block moving very far and including other regions created a challenge to the European Union. European nation is divided into council, parliament council of European Union and commission. The commission has the mandate to Rome up with registration and the use of law each member state is represented by a member. President comes from the commission. The union’s prime minister has different powers with the president Directorate-General (DG) and commissioner, but they have similar roles. The councils have no delegated power to the union’s supranational institutions, and have no treaties official power. The head of state has similar roles to council. Legislative branch of the union incorporate parliament and council, whose formation differs as in the parliament is elected directly while the council is formed and mainly of national ministers. Insensitive areas have lower control of national minister. The powers in the union are given according to pillars. These pillars are usually three; the first one being that of community, the second is Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) while the third is ‘Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal matters (PJCC). Just to mention, the 1st First pillar entails common Fisheries poly, Agricultural policy, Environmental law, Immigration Poly, Education and culture among others. The second pillar has security policy and foreign policy and the third pillar deals with human beings trafficking Fraud and bribery, terrorism, weapon smuggling among others. Each pillar’s principles differ on intergovernmental and supranational basis, supranationalism being higher in 1st pillar. After every five years by adult suffrage, votes are casted. Despite having no voting system, there should be a ratio in representing either singly or under a party the area at which the votes casting is done can be in whole or subdivided, and election threshold should be below five percent. The European law requires to be bound to. The union makes legislative acts and all its members are expected to bind to a direct applied law (regulation, a framework of objectives in which a national law in order to achieve its goals, and a decision based on particular issue are the key forms by which a union can present its legislative acts. (HayMenon,2007). European bases their constitution texts on their treaties. The role of the European treaties is to form institution which are given aims of the union, which are set also by the treaties and the institution should always aim at attain the set aims. Currently the European integration is under four treaties, namely; the Treaty of European nation which was put to work in November 1993 after it was signed on 7th February 1992 in Maastricht. This treaty was involved with security policy and Home Affairs. The Treaty showing European Economic Community (ECC) which was put into action on 1st January 1958 and was signed at the same time with Euratom treaty, in Rome on March the 25th of 1957, and due to the place at which it was signed, its usually also referred to as the Treaty of Rome. The treaty of Paris was put to work on 23rd day of July 1952 but expired on 23rd day of July 2002. It was signed on the 18th day of April, 1951, and was involved with putting into place the European steel and coal community. The forth treaty was involved with the development of European atomic Energy community which is commonly referred to as Euratom Treaty and was signed at Rome on the 25th day of March, 1957. There were times when these treaties expired or required additional or subtraction of some of its terms and roles thus the need for changes and reforms. European political party is obliged to operate transitionally in the state, and is usually funded and recognized by the European Union. Their formation is usually bases on partly parties in the whole Europe. As per the European parliament and commission as there were ten (10) recognized parties by 2006, namely European People Party which was the first to be formed, then the European Socialist Party was formed, followed by European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party, the Free Alliance European Party, the European Areas Party, Alliance for Europe of the Nations, European theft party, European Democratic party, Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe and EU Democratic, which were formed respectively. These parties mostly consider co-operating and working as a coalition as this makes them stronger and gives the party a chance to get higher financial fund rate from the parliament at the same time ensuring they have access to committee’s seat which an independent party can afford to access due to the cost. To enhance the uniting of parties, however requires that the member states votes for the Groups MEPs should not be less than one-fifth, that its MEPs can create a group of their wish, that all MEPs in a group should be registered in only one group and that, a groups MEPs should be of the same political goal. It’s only after fulfilling these requirements that two groups can join and unite to for a coalition thus enjoying the privileges. The Groups can either be organized from many European parties, national parties or be made of MEPs of a single European political party. An Account of the changes that the European Socialist Parties have undergone since the Second World War. European Socialist Part (PES) in a party in the European political party composed of equal number of labor, social democratic, and socialist parties from members’ states of European Union and also from Norway. The socialist party constitutes socialist group in parliament which is composed of more than 200 MEPs thus making the group to be second largest, in the European parliament. This socialist group was there since 1953 and the socialist party was formed back in 1992. Ever since it’s the party held the largest single group position in the parliament. After the party’s formation in 1953, socialist party Henri Spaak was elected first president, with Guy Mollet elected the first bureau and secretariat apart from being the chair. The socialists attempt to produce a common European socialist’s program in 1961 being outlaid by an enlargement application. Despite their congress trying to enhance more democratization, and parliament powers in 1962, it took them longer than they expected since this was considered in 1969, after Kate Strobel MEP winning the 1st woman chair. They continued to achieve and rule and in 1971’s elections saw their member, Walter Behrendt as the second parliament president. It took few years since then when other states joined the community and brought with them some more parties, which enlarged the community as well as the congress. These states included Ireland, United Kingdom and Denmark and after meeting they made social policy in which they were entitled to democracy, equality and give them the right to work in the European economy. Elections were carried out again in 1975, and socialist Georges Spe’nale was as the parliament’s president. After the union with Ireland, Denmark and United Kingdom, a confederation of the European communities’ socialist party was formed. Their was an election manifesto, which the confederation signed after the parliaments first direct elections in 1979, and the manifesto objective was aimed at ending discrimination, promoting peace, fighting pollution and ensuring the ability to decent work among others. They were the largest group in the parliament. Two years after the direct election, its first status was signed and they united with other states like Greece, Portugal and Spain made this party to increase. It did not take the Group long before they saw the need and the privileged of cooperation; in 1987 they cooperated with people’s party group thus increasing their number. (Grolier, Inc, 2002). In 1992, the already existing confederation was changed to party of European socialist, whose manifesto had more issues to deal with compare to the election manifesto and the added areas included gender equality, fighting organized crimes and democracy among others. The party had its second leader in the 1994’s election after the party won two hundred and fifteen (215) out of the available six hundred and twenty six (626). After a five year period of ruling, the parliament refused to sign for approval of the commission’s EU budget handling, and this lead to crisis. This was because of the allegation of corruption made to two of the socialists’ members. The socialists tried to bloc the order made by the commission that the member’s concerned had to resign, by their president trying to vote confidence vote in the commission, since the PES took the issue as a false allegation made to stop them from participating in the year’s election. Since socialist were the majority they were on the government side, they decided to stop helping or rather supporting the other party thus facilitating santer commission’s to resign. After the five years of ruling, elections was carried out, the socialists lost the votes to people’s party with the winning party attaining two hundred and thirty three the socialists had only one hundred and eighty. In the 2004 elections the socialist party lost once more by getting only two hundred seats in seven hundred and thirty two seats. The European Political history has been an evolutional process. The struggle was aimed at either attaining independence, or becoming autonomous. The European politics is composed of the parliament headed by a President from a party with the majority seats, the commission, and a council. Each of its constituent has its mandate and powers. The Socialist’ Party headed in the parliament longer till 1999.

Portrayal Of Homosexual Characters In Disney Film Studies Essay

Portrayal Of Homosexual Characters In Disney Film Studies Essay The Walt Disney Company first appeared in America (and soon after the rest of the world) in the 1920s. 90 years later and it is still going strong and is a corporation to be reckoned with. From their beginnings as a simple animation company, it now covers lots of different genres of film as well as branching out to television companies, theme parks, books, theatre adaptations, cruises and music labels. To date, Disney has produced 49 animated films, 10 live-action, 11 DisneyToon productions, two stop-motion and 10 Pixar films with the hugely anticipated release of Toy Story 3 in June 2010. But concentrating on their main produce, their range of animated films has been experience by everyone from the ages of 1 to 101. Disney is at the forefront of family entertainment as well as a form of escapism (a flying elephant, living toys, mermaids and monsters?!) and a hidden (if not obvious to adults) way to introduce morality to children as early as possible. However, who decides what morals to portray in these very Americanised films? In recent times, Disney films have reflected the social climate with the introduction of the first black protagonist in The Princess and the Frog (2009). So as these films are becoming true to life and educating future generations, has there been an introduction of non-heterosexual characters as well? The Disney Companys first feature length animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarves (1937) was a colossal project which pushed every employee working on the production extremely hard but the results were worth it. The amalgamation of a moral filled story with realistic animation then paved the way for the following Disney films during, what was known as their Golden Age: Pinocchio (1940), Fantasia (1940), Dumbo (1941) and Bambi (1942). The morals contained within these films and all to follow, were seen by conservative Americans as important family values and trusted upon Disney to teach these values to everyone. For more than 50 years Walt Disney Company has represented all that is good and pure and wholesome in our nation. Families flocked to Walk Disney World and Disneyland because they knew that Walt Disney respected and nurtured the traditional American family and its strong moral values. Disney could always be counted on to provide parents and children alike with family-friendly, good-natured entertainment Letter from a coalition of Florida lawmakers, 1995 However, are these morals and values shared by all? And does the way in which they are portrayed actually reflect reality? They are American ideals of conservative family values which support the life storyline of romance, marriage (to someone of the opposite sex) and then children in a parallel world to that of the traditional Anglo-Saxon, Christian American upbringing. Reading further into these ideals are that of the issues of individuality, love and capitalism that are being depicted to all Disney viewers, namely children. These viewers cannot differentiate what is being shown to them as not necessarily the reality of the world (as the world consists of more than just the one religion of Christianity). New generations of children subjected to Disney films are growing up with ideologies from these stories as they have faith in them to contain some element of truth. Not all the storylines can be deemed as promoting negative beliefs though. Disney movies always contain an aspect of the follow your heart love which if regarded as the most important moral, then maybe some people will overlook the American family values shown in favour of love. However, this follow your heart belief can only really exist within some religions as others have strict rulings as to who you can marry and really fall in love with. Throughout film history (up until recently), there were very few storylines which contained a gay or lesbian character as a protagonist. The general film public saw those films, which did include a main gay character, as gay-themed (so not to their tastes) or alternative. In recent years, filmmakers have seen a niche in the market for gay films, although it was in 1896 with The Celluloid Closet that a gay subtext was used within in a film. It would then take some 70 years later before Queer Cinema would come about. Censorship on homosexuality in films came about in Britain in 1912 with the founding of the British Board of Film Censors and in 1934, the Production Code in America was enforced. Within this strict guideline for good taste was that homosexuality or bisexuality must never be represented or even inferred. Slowly though, gay and lesbian characters were brought into films such as Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), Clueless (1995) and Billy Elliot (2000). But as previously sa id, only in supporting roles as the gay best friend. When they finally were given the main storylines, the characters were shown to imitate heterosexuality as much as possible to be accepted. This can be seen in Philadelphia (1993) where many believe this to a patronising look at gay life and the yearning to be accepted as normal in a heterosexual world. There are no outrageous scenes of affection between Hanks and his partner within in the film. Queer identity can be related to many different people not just gay and lesbian individuals. The Western world may seem like a land of equality but to those in the minorities, it is not. Studies have shown it is suggested by traditional teachers and career advisors that schoolgirls go into feminine jobs (Apter, 2000) while schoolboys are driven away from jobs seen as traditionally female (Woodward, 2000). Men and womens identities have changed however as equality for women in the workplace is fought more and more showing that females can be the provider that men traditionally were. This leaves the men unsure of their identity in the world but through popular culture and mass media, they can be shown as well as women where they belong in contemporary life. So as society has become accepting of women in the workplace by it being reinforced by popular culture and mass media (but perhaps not by Disney films) that when non-heterosexual characters are introduced, tolerance towards them sho uld improve? With Disney films, the morals and values are chosen so it can be said that capitalism will control how homosexuality is visualised and dealt with. Despite this limited perspective, society is becoming more accommodating of different sexualities although many non-heterosexuals are still facing prejudice and discrimination from older generations and others. America is slightly less open-minded than the UK as a survey by Gallup showed that although homosexuality is tolerated more as an acceptable lifestyle, 42 per cent of the people surveyed felt that homosexuality should be illegal. Contrasting against this is a poll from the same year showing that just 17% of people in England felt less positive towards non-heterosexuals (MORI, 2001). Heteronormativity can be defined as a set of lifestyle rules to which society follows and falls into a specific gender with an outlook of a traditional role in life. Heteronormativity occurs in nearly every film in various ways. It can promote the message of men being the dominating person in a relationship with women following after them being housewives. However it is usually seen to promote that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation and any kind of sexual relationships should only be between a man and a woman. Sometimes it is obvious and other times the viewer does not realise that the story they are watching is promoting heterosexuality and that this is the ideal (or assumed, expected, ordinary and privileged) sexuality. Viewers can recognise that films have hidden meaning and semes such as good vs. evil, rich vs. poor, children vs. adults etc. However it is the seme of heterosexuality vs. homosexuality, which is the problem with films pushing heteronormativity. Films that set up neat systems of good and evil dos and donts are part of the pervasive simple-mindedness that posits heterosexuality and queerdom as irreconcilable opposites which cannot co-exist respectfully. Todd Hayward, The Lyin King Planet Homo 69 (21st Sept 1994, 17) With heterosexuality being the assumed sexuality of society, this only reinforces discrimination and prejudice towards non-heterosexuals. The amount of different heterosexual storylines shown will increase the amount of heteronormativity within the media in general as generations are exposed to it. With heteronormativity shown in most popular culture, it also redefines how homosexuality is perceived. It can be compared to public vs. private, with heterosexuality being public and homosexuality being private therefore something to be hidden. Even before a viewer experiences heteronormativity in a film, the masculine/feminine definitions of gender are promoted first. From this, sexuality, pleasure and identity can then come forth as the storylines and characters develop, which leads to heteronormativity. Obviously it is easy to see that Disney films promote heteronormativity although many people believe Disney films to be sexually free, it can still be a non-sexual part of our lives. Disney films show the traditional domesticity of the roles of men and women against a credible heterosexual backdrop by replacing sex with romance and reinforcing the patriarchal family structure. This can be seen in Bambi (1942) as Bambis character is promoted as the King of the Forest and will take over from his father. It also depicts his forsaking of his dependence on his mother as she is killed during the film. The very over-used storyline of the princess or girl being romanticised by the male character, which then leads to an eventual wedding, is predominant in many Disney films. A comparison of Disney films against other animated films from different companies made during 1990-2005, show that there is a much stronger hetero-romantic storyline in Disney films. Many Disney films have a reference to a hetero-romantic storyline, usually as the main plot but they also contain sexiness (Kazyak and Martin, 2009) as womens bodies are portrayed as curvaceous with semi-revealing costumes. With these hetero-romantic storylines, heterosexuality is glamorised as being special and different from other kinds of relationships. It is shown to have the power to change the world (either by breaking a spell (Beauty and the Beast), belonging to the ideal world (The Little Mermaid), stopping a war (Pocahontas) or changing an old-fashioned law (Aladdin)). These storylines are usually only shown through kissing and no other sexually embodiment. This can reinforce the heteronormativity, as Conservatives believe that any two characters have to be heterosexual unless seen kissing someone of the same sex. For instance, there could be some homosexual affection between Aladdin and the Genie but viewers do not read into this friendship with this outlook. The friendships portrayed in Disney films do not re flect reality as it is unusual for a female character to have a same sex friendship with another character unless they of a maternal nature, whereas in reality, many young girls and women have a female best friend. For males they usually have a comical friend/sidekick which could be said to show reality slightly more. All of this can be shown that Disney endorses heterosexuality within the majority of their films and even tries to influence the thinking that being heterosexual is far more glamorous than being homosexual. With this educating outlook, Disney actually took another step by creating military and educational films during the 1940s. As the Second World War took its toll, Walt Disney knew his company was facing bankruptcy as the profits from Snow White were transferred into the productions for Pinocchio and Fantasia but these did not reach the same high profits. With a strike by animators also, productions were delayed for months. Disney knew he had to keep his company going and believed that his animation films could be used to help the war effort through education and propaganda. Military training films were churned out at an amazing rate and low budgets. The films used the, by now, well-known characters and newly designed mascots to keep the soldiers morales high. Soon they were being made to also keep the spirits high of Americans at home, while their loved ones went overseas to fight. With these films, the federal government and Disney were forming a strong relationship, as the studios were used by army personnel and kept afloat for the duration of the war. The federal government even made it possible for Disney to obtain the chemicals needed to make the films despite its requirement for the making of weapons. The films were hugely popular as they used the traditional animation and moral-driven narrative used for the previous Disney films and this suited the governments needs. Many cartoons started to take on a wartime theme to entertain but also to educate. Disneys public health and education films were, in part, attempts to provide models for domestic life (Cartwright and Goldfarb (1994), 175). Within these educational films, there was the notion that hard work combats illness whereas laziness breeds disease. So as well as supporting heteronormativity within their films, Disney had started to educate not just America but the world, in their ideals. Being practically sponsored by the federal government, the issue was then whose ideals were being portrayed Americ as or what the government wants its country to represent? Even within their films for children, Disney started to become an influential power over everyone who watched their films. Subliminal messaging started to occur in its short films as a humorous way for the animators to disrespect Disney as he refused to share creative credit. However, some of Disneys films from the 1990s started to have questionable sexual subliminal messaging. Some instances of these hidden messages are an erect penis on the cover of The Little Mermaid video as well as an erection in the film (which was actually the characters knee). Others saw the word sex depicted in The Lion King (it says SFX as a credit to the special effects team) whilst others heard someone whispering All good teenagers, take off your clothes in Aladdin. And finally it was thought you could see that Jessica Rabbit wasnt wearing any underwear in Who Framed Roger Rabbit? These supposed messages could be seen as queer readings (not in the non-heterosexual meaning but in the non-standard meaning) as people started to think of Disney as a lewd company with a gay agenda. However these messages are focussed on sex not sexual orientation and really do rely on the viewer knowing to listen or look for them. But when a child likes a film, many will watch it over and over again. And through this repeated viewing, children can begin to understand more and perhaps the innuendoes that were meant only for adults. This is particularly so as it is becoming almost impossible to avoid popular culture and advertising which can broaden a childs mind prematurely. A survey in 2006 of 1,300 UK families showed that seven in 10 children now have their own television in their bedrooms, with more than half of these also owning a DVD player. Similarly, a survey in America released in November 1999 showed that 88% of all US households have two or more televisions, 60 % have three or more and 53% of all children have a television in their bedrooms. With all this access to popular culture, children are growing up with the medias point of view on situations and relationships. With Disney such a presence in childrens lives also, once again whose morals are they growing up with? (EXPECTATIONS OF ENTERTAINMENT PARAGRAPH) Disney films can be a used a form of escapism, not just for children but also for adults. Despite whether its supporting heteronormativity or Americanism, their storylines often show that a good life is possible despite misfortune and difficulty. Even the homosexual culture has adopted this chance of escapism (QUEER READINGS PARAGRAPH) However as the 20th Century progressed, as did the heads of the company. With the passing away of Walt and then his brother Roy Disney, Michael Eisner took charge during the mid 1970s and started to change a few things about the company. Miramax films were brought under the Disney umbrella, which allowed an outlet for (more profitable) R and X-rated films (15 and 18 under the BBFC). This started to threaten the Disney ideals that had been so strongly portrayed in many of its films. Right wing Christian fundamentalists felt it was a betrayal of their trust in a company they had believed in for so long. Various organisations (the American Family Association, the Family Research Council and Morality in Media for example) started to boycott Disney as they thought that the company

Multiple Personalities: Do They Really Exist :: essays research papers

Multiple Personalities: Do They Really Exist Multiple personalities- the existence of two or more distinct personalities or personality states within one person. In actuality, up to ten or even more personalities can coexist within one person, some documented cases have revealed over one hundred. But, the question remains, what exactly is the multiple personality disorder (MPD)? First I will look at what exactly the disorder is. It is, in simple terms, many complex personalities all inhabiting the same body. At any given time, one of those personalities is in control of the body. Each one has different tastes, style, thought process, and many other things that define a person. However, research has proven even more than that. In clinical studies it has been found that of the different personalities of one person, the eye prescription, allergies, athletic ability, and even diabetes can exist in one of the personalities and not the others. The person can switch at any given time from one personality to another, often not realizing it. This can account for memory loss and time loss in the primary personality, who often does not have access to the memories of the other personalities. A common misconception among the general public is the confusion of MPD with the disease of schizophrenia. Schizophrenics do NOT have distinct personalities, rather, they have hallucinations of voices outside their heads. Schizophrenia is caused by brain malfunctions and can be treated with drugs, whereas suffers of MPD cannot because MPD is an almost purely psychological disorder. MPD seems to be caused mainly by incredibly violent and terrible childhood abuse. In fact, about 98% of MPD sufferers were abused as children. The disorder also occurs between three to nine times more in women than men, the person being abused creates other personalities to handle the pain. In the case of a man named Milligan, his father beat him and sexually abused him. Then he forced the boy to dig his own grave, burying him alive with only a stove pipe to breath through. Then the father urinated into the pipe onto the boy's face. With that kind of abuse, you either go crazy, die, or develop other personalities. That is why, in many people with MPD, there are agitated and distracted child personalities. These personalities were created in order to suffer the pain of abuse. When the abuse was over, their call was no longer needed and the primary personality could resume control, dropping with that second personality all memory of the event and continuing as if nothing happened. This type of personality exists in almost all MPD sufferers. Another common personality is the

Daredevil Stunts at Niagara Falls :: essays research papers

Annie Edson Taylor a widowed school teacher from Michigan made history on October 24, 1901 being the first person to take the daring plunge over the picturesque yet treacherous Niagara Falls. Various people have taken on Niagara Falls and all it’s furry from trapeze artist to barrel jumper all seeking a degree of fulfillment, at what cost? That is the risk these daredevils are willing to take. While there were many daredevil acts before Mrs Taylor’s bold accomplishment, none quite so renowned, for no one had previously endeavored to drive themselves over the falls. Though Carlisle Graham had announced a few months prior he would journey down Horseshoe Falls he did not go forth with his plans. Annie was strapped into a Kentucky oak barrel that was held together by seven steal rings and packed with padding, the barrel was 34 inches in diameter through the middle and four and a half feet long. The lid was screwed shut and Annie was towed out by a small boat to the mainstream and released at 4:05 pm, several news people were on hand, ready to deliver Annie’s fate to the world. The barrel streamed toward the Canadian side and over the Horseshoe Falls. Mrs Taylor was in the barrel for 17 minutes after her frightening tumble down Niagara Falls, until it was close enough to the Canadian shores to be hauled in. The top of the barrel was cut away. Annie emerged s cratched and bruised, very stunned but satisfied, quoted to have said â€Å"No one ought ever do that again.† She did try to cash in on her accomplishment, for it is documented that it was one of her motives for such a precarious act, however she was far from victorious. In lieu of money, for 10 years she held the honor of being the only person to ever go over the falls. She died a pauper twenty years later, at the still disputed age of 83. Not unlike Annie Taylor numerous people tried a variety of different stunts seeking fame and fortune for there dare devilish ways, many paying with their lives. One of the most notorious people to take to the tight rope was Jean Francois Gravelot or better known as â€Å"The Great Blondin†, he was branded as the most bold and entertaining daredevil of all time, he was infatuated with crossing over Niagara Falls. Daredevil Stunts at Niagara Falls :: essays research papers Annie Edson Taylor a widowed school teacher from Michigan made history on October 24, 1901 being the first person to take the daring plunge over the picturesque yet treacherous Niagara Falls. Various people have taken on Niagara Falls and all it’s furry from trapeze artist to barrel jumper all seeking a degree of fulfillment, at what cost? That is the risk these daredevils are willing to take. While there were many daredevil acts before Mrs Taylor’s bold accomplishment, none quite so renowned, for no one had previously endeavored to drive themselves over the falls. Though Carlisle Graham had announced a few months prior he would journey down Horseshoe Falls he did not go forth with his plans. Annie was strapped into a Kentucky oak barrel that was held together by seven steal rings and packed with padding, the barrel was 34 inches in diameter through the middle and four and a half feet long. The lid was screwed shut and Annie was towed out by a small boat to the mainstream and released at 4:05 pm, several news people were on hand, ready to deliver Annie’s fate to the world. The barrel streamed toward the Canadian side and over the Horseshoe Falls. Mrs Taylor was in the barrel for 17 minutes after her frightening tumble down Niagara Falls, until it was close enough to the Canadian shores to be hauled in. The top of the barrel was cut away. Annie emerged s cratched and bruised, very stunned but satisfied, quoted to have said â€Å"No one ought ever do that again.† She did try to cash in on her accomplishment, for it is documented that it was one of her motives for such a precarious act, however she was far from victorious. In lieu of money, for 10 years she held the honor of being the only person to ever go over the falls. She died a pauper twenty years later, at the still disputed age of 83. Not unlike Annie Taylor numerous people tried a variety of different stunts seeking fame and fortune for there dare devilish ways, many paying with their lives. One of the most notorious people to take to the tight rope was Jean Francois Gravelot or better known as â€Å"The Great Blondin†, he was branded as the most bold and entertaining daredevil of all time, he was infatuated with crossing over Niagara Falls.

Potential Climate Tipping Point Of Earth System Environmental Sciences Essay

Essay: â€Å" Critically measure the likeliness and possible impacts of the Earth System traversing a clime tipping point within the twenty-first century. † Introduction Climate alteration have been in grounds since scientists predict that, if no neutralization is planned and put into pattern, we might be affected by ruinous alterations in clime forms. Harmonizing to the IPCC ( 2001a ) , climate alteration is the consequence on the Earth ‘s clime province, and its atmospheric composing, csaused by an digesting series of actions. These actions might hold natural or human beginnings. The UNFCCC ( 1994 ) see the natural beginnings as clime variableness, and these entirely do non represent clime alteration. The human 1s are the 1s that lead clime alteration, and are besides the 1s we can act upon. Sun ‘s energy fluctuation, alterations in the Earth ‘s orbit, vents ‘ activities and ocean ‘s kineticss are considered to be the natural beginnings that can alter the clime ( NOAA, n.d. ) . The anthropogenetic causes that can impact clime are related to the steeper addition in Greenhouse Gases ( GHG ) emanations, which are conducte d by firing fossil fuels, coal mines, landfills, agribusiness, among others ( EIA, n.d. ) . Climate has ever changed, but it can make a certain point where life as we know it can be earnestly affected. There is a point where there is no return, there is no manner of halting or altering something back to what it was, this is the tipping point ( Macmillan, 2010 ; Cambridge, 2010 ) . Furthermore, Wordnik ( 2010 ) defines tipping point as â€Å" the point at which a slow, reversible alteration becomes irreversible, frequently with dramatic effects † . For Lenton, Footitt and Dlugolecki ( 2009 ) some of the clime tipping elements – the 1s that will be affected by making a tipping point – are sea degree rise, Monsoons, Amazon rainforest dieback and oceans circulation ; as shown in figure 1. Harmonizing to the IPCC ( 2007a ) abrupt clime alterations, which can take to a clime related tipping point, have a low chance to go on in the twenty-first century. On the other manus, at Lenton, Footitt and Dlugolecki ( 2009 ) these alterations might happen within the twenty-first century unless, in the short term, really drastic attempts lessening aggressively the emanations. Th erefore this essay critically assesses the Earth System tipping points ‘ possible impacts on some of its elements and their chance of go oning in this century. Figure 1: Lenton et Al. ( 2008 ) universe population denseness and tipping elements sites.Sea Level RiseAs exposed in VilibiA†¡ ( 1997 ) , sea degree can be measured taking into history a land point of mention ( tide gage informations ) or planetary sea degrees ( satellite altimeter informations ) . In the first one, even though clime alteration is steering sea degree rise, a lessening in sea degree can be obtained if the landmark is in a topographic point where hemorrhoids of ice were melted off. That occurs because the ice weight exerts force per unit area on the land beneath, and when it melts off, the land steadily bounces back, locally raising its height comparative to ocean ‘s degree and, therefore, giving the false feeling of lessening in sea degree. Conversely, in the 2nd one ( satellite altimeter ) , when planetary sea degrees are the benchmark, the H2O that comes from the melted land-based ice joins the sea H2O increasing its degree. As it is shown in figure 2, t emperatures are expected to lift, taking to a steep addition in the sea degree harmonizing to the medium temperature scenario ( figure 3 ) . Figure 2: EDF ( 1999 ) temperature alterations ‘ projections Figure 3: EDF ( 1999 ) sea degree alterations ‘ projections Ice sheets are a impulsive force because of the monolithic impact of its liquid H2O in sea degree. Harmonizing to the American Geological Institute ( 2010 ) , ice sheets are â€Å" a glacier of considerable thickness and more than 50,000 square kilometres in country, organizing a uninterrupted screen of snow and ice over a land surface, distributing outward in all waies and non confined by the implicit in topography † . The Greenland ice sheet and the West Antarctic ice sheet, if thawed wholly, would take together to a 12 metre rise in sea degree ( IPCC, 2001b ) . The Maldives 1,200 islands is an illustration, they are less than three metre above sea degree, therefore, a little addition in sea degree can do them vanish. Bangladesh is another 1, nowadays the loss of land along their rivers obligates a million of people to be relocated, and if the sea rises one metre, more than 13 million will hold to be relocated ( World View of Global Warming, n.d. ) . Lenton, Footitt and Dlug olecki ( 2009 ) anticipations province that it would take 300 old ages for the full ice sheets to run, however, because of its elephantine dimension, merely a little fraction of it go oning in this century will hold an tremendous impact. Harmonizing to the medium temperature alteration scenario, even though after the temperature rate of addition is likely to decelerate down ( figure 2 ) , the sea degree will go on to lift ( figure 3 ) . That will likely be due to the negative ice-albedo feedback connected to the temperature addition. The Copenhagen Diagnosis ( 2009 ) states that the IPCC AR4 ( Integovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report ) presented a sea degree addition half that of the observed by more recent research. It besides suggested that the net fluctuation of the Antarctica and Greenland ice mass is rapidly diminishing. As temperature additions and ice sheet ( higher reflective power ) thaws, Earth and deep ocean H2O ( lower reflective power ) absorb more heat, taking more ice thaw and sea rise.MonsoonsRamage ( 1971 ) defined monsoons â€Å" as a seasonal reversing air current accompanied by seasonal alterations in precipitation † ; more late, Trenberth et Al. ( 2000 ) and Zuidem a et Al. ( 2007 ) say that it is the asymmetric warming of land and sea associated with precipitation and atmospheric circulation seasonal alterations. The summer monsoons carry air from sea to the land ( traveling from a high to low force per unit area country ) ; in land this air raises, gets colder and turn into heavy rain. In contrast, winter monsoons work on the other manner around traveling air from land ( that cools faster ) to the sea ( that maintains heat ) , therefore doing land drouth. A simplistic account for monsoons is that they are seasonal, strong and big graduated table air currents that blow from sea to land or the other manner around, doing a batch of rain or drouth. Harmonizing to the University of California ( 2002 ) , planetary heating might heighten the summer monsoons behaviour and weaken the winter monsoons behavior, altering its impact in Earth life. The alteration in behaviour happens because during summer, with more wet in the air as the ocean will be warmer, it is expected a encouragement in rainfall and implosion therapy. On the other manus, winter monsoons ( in raising temperatures scenario ) might non be as strong, due to set down non being every bit cold as it was, doing the weakening of the air current blow to the sea. In many topographic points, concern and agribusiness have their growing reliant on the monsoons. As the monsoons are seasonal, many activities are driven and impacted on its dependability, besides that, if a monsoon lead countries to deluge or drought, that besides have an impact on the Earth life. The Indian and the West African monsoons are the tipping elements with closer tipping points harmonizing to Lenton et Al. ( 2008 ) . The Indian summer monsoon is expected to heighten due to greenhouse gases concentrations that trap the air. In this instance, more rain in expected, which could be good for agribusiness, but excessively much rain ( frequence and measure ) it can turn into inundation and have a negative impact. The West African monsoon, on the other manus, might hold a positive result after its alterations, as it can do the desert wetting agent, increasing the growing of flora. Besides harmonizing to Lenton et Al. ( 2008 ) both instances are expected to make its tipping points within the following decennary, foremost the Indian monsoon ( around one twelvemonth ) and so the West African monsoon ( around 10 old ages ) .AmazonThe Amazon rain wood is normally called the lung of the Earth. It is in the North of South America, most of it is in Brazil, but it extents besides ov er Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and Gallic Guiana. It covers around five and a half million square kilometres, which is about 16 times the country of the United Kingdom ( as the country circulated in black shows in figure 4 ) . The biodiversity in the Amazon tropical wood is tremendous, harmonizing to Da Silva et Al. ( 2005 ) latest research indicate that there are more than 40,000 works species, 3,000 fishes, 1,200 birds, 420 amphibious vehicles, 400 mammals, and 370 reptilians in the part. Lenton et Al. ( 2009 ) list the economic, societal, environmental built-in values of the Amazon Forest: C segregation and storage, biodiversity, H2O cycling and landscape value. Because of its magnitude, the Amazon is highly of import to the universe. The chief menaces to its ecosystem are the deforestation and clime alteration. Harmonizing to the Permanent Interministerial Working Group for Reducing the Rates of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon ( 2004 ) , the chief causes for the deforestation in the Amazon are cattle ranching, logging, agribusiness, illegal appropriation of public lands, and route building. As the Amazon is a huge unpeopled country, the Brazilian authorities battle to command and hinder its abuse, hence appears that at the present clip, there is no simple solution for this issue. Additionally, clime alteration ( in this instance, partly due to the El Nino increased impact ) may increase temperature and cut down the rainfall in the part, doing the die-back of the wood ( Cox et al. , 2004 ) . As shown in figure 4, from the entire country of the Amazon forest, more than half of it is likely to vanish until 2030 due to the deforestation that already took topographic point, and the deforestation and drought previsio ns for the future old ages. Figure 4: BBC ( 2008 ) Area of the Amazon Forest The work from Jones et Al. ( 2009 ) suggests that any seeable reaction from the ecosystem can perchance look merely after a long-run transmutation is already taking topographic point. This can intend that, even though we are presently under the threshold of the Amazon tipping point, with CO2e at 430 ppmv on the manner to 450 ppmv, it can take to more than 2A °C addition in temperature ( Lenton et al. , 2009 ) and can already be perpetrating the Amazon future die-back, even though there is no evident grounds at the minute. This suggests that the stabilisation of this ecosystem clime impacts do non depend merely on the stabilisation of the clime.Ocean CirculationHarmonizing to the Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting U.S. Department Of Transportation ( 2009 ) , the â€Å" thermohaline circulation ( THC ) refers to the physical drive mechanism of the ocean circulation ensuing from fluxes of heat and fresh water across the sea surface, subsequent interior commixture of heat and salt, and geothermic heat beginnings † . Furthermore, at the IPCC ( 2007a ) portion of the THC is the â€Å" meridional overturning circulation ( MOC ) that is established along the western boundary of the Atlantic basin † . The IPCC ( 2007a ) provinces that, in the Atlantic, the planetary heating due to the nursery gases raise in the ambiance drives the addition of fresh water into the ocean which can take ocean ‘s circulation decline or even its motion shut-down. Increase in freshwater overflow, from rivers and from land ice melted, into the ocean makes less salty the ocean ‘s surface Waterss. This decrease in the salt lessening ocean ‘s denseness, being less dense it might non be heavy plenty to travel under the surface and impel the MOC motion. This motion is of import because it captures CO2 from the ambiance and sinks it, hive awaying it into the deep ocean. Another ocean, in concurrence with the ambiance, phenomena that influence planetary clime and is influenced by clime alteration is the ENSO ( El Nino and La Nina ) . El Nino is the heating of the surface of the Pacific Ocean in the tropical part ( weakening its normal status ) ; it happens every 2 to 7 old ages jumping to the conversely cold stage, La Nina ( IPCC, 2007a ) that strengthens its normal status. They cause opposite extreme conditions effects such as inundations and drouths, and other conditions effects around the universe. If the amplitude of ENSO gets higher, if can escalate the effects of other tipping elements, such as the Asiatic Monsoon and the Amazon die-back causes.DecisionEven though some tipping points were seen individually in this essay, as they are portion of the same ecosystem, alterations in any of them will straight or indirectly act upon the other 1s. Some of these influences, such as the 1s from the ENSO into the Monsoons or the Amazon are more clearly co nnected, but the theoretical accounts used to measure the tipping elements and their possible tipping points are non able to foretell all the possible interactions of the Earth complex ecosystem and its reactions to the clime alteration. Nonetheless, even though there are multiple tipping points, they relate to a specific country and hence have their ain local importance, timing and pay in a planetary graduated table influence. Undesirably seems like there is no exact reply for the likeliness of the Earth System traversing a clime tipping point within the twenty-first century. Harmonizing to the IPCC ( 2007b ) likeliness â€Å" refers to a probabilistic appraisal of some chiseled result holding occurred or happening in the hereafter, and may be based on quantitative analysis or an evocation of adept positions † but no research, paper, article, study, book affirm with certainty any reaction related to climate alteration as a whole. Publications normally conclude their statements with unfastened decisions, smoothing their findings with looks such as: far from inevitable, distinguishable possibility, more likely, really improbable and chances that can hold an ample scope, which are non decisive. Cox et Al. ( 2004 ) even declares that â€Å" we are still a long manner from being able to gauge the chance of such an ecological calamity happening in the existent Earth system † . The return place mess age should be that, even though there are no warrants, there is a opportunity of traversing a clime tipping point Oklahoman or subsequently. Are we prepare to disregard the chances and take the opportunity to be affected by ruinous clime alteration, or should we be more careful and take actions now that can extenuate the negative impacts on the Earth system? Word count: 2,332