The Credit Risk Of Banks Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2138 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The aim of the study is to assess the credit risk management of major banks in Mauritius. This chapter presents the review of related research of the component credit risk management. Banks main activities and operations are based on the management of wide range of equity capital, assets and liabilities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Credit Risk Of Banks Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Greuning, H.V and Bratanovic, S.B (2003) pointed out that Adequate risk management is therefore a must and forms part of effective banking operation. Common cited risks include; operational risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk and credit risk. All these risks arise while banks perform their most fundamental and traditional role of lending and borrowing. According to the consultative paper issued by the Basel committee on bank supervisions (1999), credit risk continues to remain one of the biggest sources of risk for banking institutions throughout the world. This is due to the fact that loan portfolio of banks is the largest asset and the main source of revenue. Also, credit risk is associated with potential fluctuations of the stream of cash flows of an asset. It is often pointed to be responsible for bank failure. Hence, to improve their credit risk management, monitoring and assessment, banks have been using a number of tools and methods over the past 20 years. Improving actual systems and implementing new systems to evaluate certain types of loan more efficiently, objectively and accurately to better mitigate credit risk and improve portfolio performance is an ongoing process in the banking sector of Mauritius. (John B 2011) said that credit risk is one of the oldest and most major forms of risk faced by banks as financial intermediaries. Since this particular risk has the power of wiping out enough of a banks capital to force it into bankruptcy, managing this kind of risk has always been one of the predominant challenges in running a bank smoothly. (Broll, Pausch and Welzel, 2002). 2.1 The Credit Risk of Banks 2.1.1 Another Definition The Monetary Authority of Singapore (2006) defined credit risk as the risk derived from the doubtfulness of an obligors capability to perform its contractual obligations, where the term obligator refers to any party that has a direct or indirect obligation under a contract. It also state that credit risk could rise from both on and off balance sheet transactions. Moreover, financial instruments like; options, futures, swaps, foreign exchange, guarantee and others also contribute to credit exposure of banks. (Blommertein 2005) defined credit risk as the possible loss, known as probability of default, that could arise if the counterparties fail to meet their financial obligations, not only in present time but in future time also. Credit risk is also known as default risk or counter party risk. According to the BCBS (2001), it is defined as the possibility of losing the outstanding loan partially or totally, due to credit events. Credit risk therefore measures the portion of the loan that is exposed to default risk (Basu, 1997, 2002a). (Andrew 2002) add that credit risk is the risk that a counterpart defaults and the bank losses all its market position or that part which is irrecoverable. 2.1.2 Categories of Credit Risk To gain a better understanding on the nature of credit risk, it is necessary to introduce the types of credit risk involved in financial activities before any further discussion. Concerning the categorizing of credit risk, different authors have expressed various criteria. Horcher (2005), who defines six types of credit risk, including default risk, counterparty pre-settlement risk, counterparty settlement risk, legal risk, country or sovereign risk and concentration risk. However, since legal risk is more likely to be considered as independent or belonging to operational risk nowadays (see HSBC 2006 annual report, Casu, Girardone and Molyneux 2006, etc) and concentration risk, together with adverse selection as well as moral hazar d, is more reasonably to be thought of as an important issue in managing credit risk rather than a type of the risk itself (see Duffie and Singleton 2003), in the following illustration, only the rest four kinds of credit risk mentioned by Horcher (2005) will be touched upon. Default Risk According to Horcher (2005), traditional credit risk relates to the default on a payment, especially lending or sales. And a likelihood of the default is called the probability of default. When a default occurs, the amount at risk may be as much as the whole liability, which can be recovered later, depending on factors like the creditors legal status. However, later collections are generally difficult or even impossible in that huge outstanding obligations or losses are usually the reasons why organizations fail. Counter Party Pre-Settlement Risk Pre-settlement risk arises from the possibility that the counterparty will default once a contract has been entered into but a settlement stil l does not occur. During this period, a contract has unrealized gains, which indicates the risk. The potential loss to the organization depends on how market rates have changed since the establishment of the original contract, which can be evaluated in terms of current and potential exposure to the organization (Horcher 2005). Counter Party Settlement Risk According to Casu, Girardone and Molyneux (2006), settlement risk is a risk typically faced in the interbank market and it refers to the situation where one party to a contract fails to pay money or deliver assets to another party at the settlement time, which can be associated with any timing differences in settlement. Horcher (2005) points out that the risk is often related with foreign exchange trading, where payments in different money centers are not made simultaneously and volumes are huge. The case of the small German bank Bankhaus Herstatt, which received payments from its foreign exchange counterparties but had yet to make payments to counterparty financial institutions on the shutting down date, can serve as a typical example for the failure caused by settlement risk (Heffernan 1996). Country or Sovereign Risk Country risk arises due to the impact of deteriorating foreign economic, social and political conditions on overseas transactions and sovereign risk refers to the possibility that governments may enforce their authority to declare debt to external lenders void or modify the movements of profits, interest and capital under some economic or political pressure (Casu, Girardone and Molyneux 2006). Then as Horcher (2005) has concluded, since evidence shows that countries and governments have temporarily or permanently imposed controls on capital, prevented cross-border payments and suspended debt repayments etc, problems arise for issuers to fulfill obligations in such environment. Also financial crisis may precipitate sometimes. 2.1.3 Identifying Credit Risk Exposures in Banks Generally, credit risk is related to the traditional bank lending activities, while it also comes from holding bonds and other securities. Basel (1999a) reports that for most banks, loans are the largest and most obvious source of credit risk; however, throughout the activities of a bank, which include in the banking book as well as in the trading book, and both on and off the balance sheet, there are also other sources of credit risk. Various financial instruments including acceptances, interbank transactions, financial futures, guarantees, etc increase banks credit risk. Therefore, it is indispensable to identify all the credit exposures the possible sources of credit risk for most banks, which can also serve as a starting point for the following parts of this work. A. On-Balance Sheet Exposures Loans According to Saunders and Cornett (2006), the major types of bank loans are commercial and industrial (CI), real estate, consumer and others. Commercial and industrial loan s can be made for periods from a few weeks to several years for financing firms working capital needs or credit needs respectively. Real estate loans are primarily mortgage loans whose size, price and maturity differ widely from CI loans. Consumer loans refer to those such as personal and auto loans while the so called other loans include a wide variety of borrowers such as other banks, nonblank financial institutions and so on. Credit risk is the predominant risk in bank loans. Over the decades the credit quality of many banks lending has attracted a large amount of attention. The only change is on the focus of the problems from bank loans to less developed countries and commercial real estate loans to auto loans as well as credit cards, which is an American example. Since the default risk is usually present to some degrees in all loans (Saunders and Cornett 2006), the individual loan and loan portfolio management is undoubtedly crucial in banks credit risk management. Nonper forming Loan Portfolio According to Hennie (2003), nonperforming loans are those not generating income, and loans are often treated as nonperforming when principal or interest is due and left unpaid for 90 days or more. Thus the nonperforming loan portfolio is a very important indication of the banks credit risk exposure and lending decisions quality. Debt Securities Besides lending, credit risk also exists in banks traditional area of debt securities investing. Debt securities are debt instruments in the form of bonds, notes, certificates of deposits, etc, which are issued by governments, quasi-government bodies or large corporations to raise capital.1 In general, the issuer promises to pay coupon on regular basis through the life of the instrument and the stated principal will be repaid at maturity time. However, the likelihood that the issuer will default always exists, resulting in the loss of interest or even the principal to banks, which can be a damaging impact. B . Off-Balance Sheet Exposures Since the 1980s, off-balance sheet commitments have grown rapidly in major banks, among which there are swaps, forward rate agreements, bankers acceptances, revolving underwriting facilities, etc. (Hull 1989). Those commitments give rise to new types of credit risk from the possibility of default by the counterparty. In this section, some of the off-balance sheet credit exposures will be introduced, among which the first one is related to derivative contracts. Derivatives Contracts According to Saunders and Cornett (2006), banks can be dealers of derivatives that act as counterparties in trades with customers for a fee. Contingent credit risk is quite likely to be present when banks expand their positions in derivative contracts. Since the counterparty may default on payment obligations to truncate current and future losses, risk will arise, which leaves the banks unhedged and having to substitute the contract at todays interest rates and price s. This is also more likely to happen when the banks are in the money and the counterparty is losing heavily on the contract. Comparatively, the type of credit (default) risk is more serious for forward contracts and swap contracts, which are nonstandard ones entered into bilaterally by negotiating parties. While trading in options, futures or other similar contracts may expose banks to lower credit risk since contracts are held directly with the exchange and there are margining requirements. However, the credit risk is also not negligible. Guarantees and Acceptances Bank Guarantee is an undertaking from the bank which ensures that the liabilities of a debtor will be met, while a bankers acceptance is an obligation by a bank to pay the face value of a bill of exchange on maturity (Basel 1986). It is mentioned by Basel (1986) that since guarantees and acceptances are obligations to stand behind a third party, they should be treated as direct credit substitutes, whose credit ris k is equivalent to that of a loan to the ultimate borrower or to the drawer of the instrument. In this sense, it is clear that there is a full risk exposure in these off balance sheet activities. Interbank Transactions Banks send the bulk of the wholesale dollar payments through wire transfer systems such as the Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS). The funds or payments messages sent on the CHIPS network within the day are provisional, which are only settled at the end of the day. Therefore, when a major fraud is discovered in a banks book during the day, which may cause an immediate shutting down, its counterparty bank will not receive the promised payments and may not be able to meet the payment commitments to other banks, leaving a serious plight. As pointed out by Saunders and Cornett (2006), the essential feature of the above kind of settlement risk in interbank transactions is that, banks are exposed to a within-day, or intraday, credit risk that does not ap pear on its balance sheet, which needs to be carefully dealt with. Loan Commitments A loan commitment is a formal offer by a lending bank with the explicit terms under which it agrees to lend to a firm a certain maximum amount at given interest rate over a certain period of time. In this activity, contingent credit risk exists in setting the interest or formula rate on a loan commitment. According to Saunders and Cornett (2006), banks often add a risk premium based on its current assessment of the creditworthiness of the borrower, and then in the case that the borrowing firm gets into difficulty during the commitment period, the bank will be exposed to dramatic declines in borrower creditworthiness, since the premium is preset before the downgrade.

Essay about Of Mice and Men By John Steinbeck - 3008 Words

Of Mice and Men By John Steinbeck 1. How significant is the theme of loneliness in Of Mice and Men? 2. To what extent is it correct that The Great Gatsby, Death of a Salesman and Of Mice and Men explore important, but different aspects of ‘The American Dream’? 3. What is the importance of dreams and dreaming to the success of Of Mice and Men? A. Background Information Describe the historical background to the novel i.e. the USA in the mid/late 1930’s The USA of the mid and late 1930 was still suffering from the Great Depression. Many thousands were unemployed and had lost their homes. These people would often wander around the country, searching for jobs and a place to rest. John Steinbeck clearly outlines†¦show more content†¦Even though George seems rather annoyed it is obvious that he does not really mean what he says. George then tells Lennie about their shared dream of buying a piece of land on which they plan to farm and keep rabbits. The next morning visit the nearby ranch in order to ask for a job. George fearing the boss’s reaction to Lennie tells him not to say a word. As soon as they are hired, they get to know Candy, and old â€Å"swamper† with an even older dog and Curley, the boss’s mean son. As soon they are alone in their bunkhouse Curley’s wife appears, whom he had just married, and flirts with them. The other workers soon return from the fields for lunch and George and Lennie meet Slim, the most popular worker on the farm. George and Slim have a short conversation in which Slim comments on the rarity of George and Lennie’s friendship. When Carlson, another worker, joins in he suggests that Candy’s old, smelly dog should be shot and Candy could have one of Slim’s newly born puppies. George confides in Slim how often Lennie has gotten them both in trouble for example when he touched a woman’s dress and was accused of rape. Slim lets Lennie have one of his puppies and allows him to enter the barn where the puppies all are. Carlson meanwhile still tries to convince Candy to kill his dog and at last he succeeds telling him that death would be a welcome relief for the suffering animal.Show MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck973 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: I. Background A. John Steinbeck was born on February 27th, 1902 in Salinas, California. 1. Salinas River was one of the few centers for shipping, farming, and agriculture a. John Steinbeck worked as an employed laborer, digging canals and working beside men similar to characters in his novels. 2. In a discussion John Steinbeck said, I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. Hes in an insaneRead MoreOf Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck842 Words   |  4 Pages it was not uncommon to become morosely secluded while working. Men would go far away from their families in search of any jobs they could get, with only themselves to confide in; colleagues only filling in the void of friends and family partially. Naturally, John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men, written during this period, would reflect this fact as a major aspect of the story. Loneliness would become the sinew of Of Mice and Men, manifested in some of the story’s main characters: Candy, CrooksRead MoreOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthis expression to stress the fact that there are and will be difficulties in life. John Steinbeck, in his novella Of Mice and Men, does not fall short of the same views. It takes place in the year 1937, a period associated with the Great Depression, and illustrates the hardships of the time, and more so those that laborers such as George and Lennie experience. Life proves to be full of disappointments for both men who are victims of harsh circumstances in more ways than one. The two have a dreamRead MoreThe And Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1549 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will be exploring the role of women in the texts ‘DNA’ by Dennis Kelly and ‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck. Both texts are quite dissimilar for the most part, with ‘DNA’ being a contemporary play, dealing with problems faced by modern youth groups and ‘Of Mice and Men’ being a classic novella. Set in the 1930’s, the novella tells a story of two migrant workers who flee to Salinas, California, for work. In spite of this, both explore the presentation of female characters similarlyRead MoreOf Mi ce And Men By John Steinbeck894 Words   |  4 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay John Steinbeck once said, â€Å"A journey is a person in itself; no two are alike. And all plans, safeguards, policing, and coercion are fruitless. We find that after years of struggle that we do not take a trip; a trip takes us†. In his novella, Of Mice and Men, two men go on an unexpected journey in search for their dream of happiness. There are many themes that come from their journey such as, the gilded American dream, the bond of male friendships, the power of women and femininityRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1433 Words   |  6 PagesI am writing a literary essay on the novella, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. I will be responding to the question describe an important character and explain how the character helped you understand an important message. In the novella, Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck, two characters, Crooks and Curley’s wife, help me understand the message ‘Discrimination isolates people’. The book takes place in Soledad, California, mid 1930’s, during the Great Depression, at a time when discriminationRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1747 Words   |  7 Pages Of Mice and Men is a tragedy And The Pearl is a parable. Author s Name John Steinbeck -Title of Work #1: Of Mice and Men -Genre: Tragedy -Evidence of Genre (explain what makes the work an example of the genre): Tragedy is a branch of literature that uses a serious and dignified style the sad or unfortunate events encountered or caused by a heroic individual. In Of Mice and Men George and Lennie face a lot of tragic events. -Complete Summary of Work: Of Mice and Men is theRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1354 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel ‘Of Mice and Men’, written by John Steinbeck, is set near the Salinas River in California, America during the Great Depression between 1930-1939. The Great Depression was a distressing time in the history of America as the unemployment rate was high which in turn led to poverty and hunger. During this time, many struggled to find work and this steered them to travel long distances, often without having anyone to talk to. Dreams were crafted by this travelling workforce and were somethingRead MoreMice Of Men By John Steinbeck785 Words   |  4 Pages It was an hopeless time period. For George in steinbeck s book mice of men by John Steinbeck,it was the great depression.This was a time period of a deep and dark economic downturn that affected the whole country. While the story focuses on George and Lennie s struggles through this hopeless time.They were best buds that got along great. They went to farm to farm as migrant works to get there pay. George had to take care of Lennie throughout the book and pick up the pieces, but lennie was a kindRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1400 Words   |  6 PagesOf Mice and Men, it is not just a band! Of Mice and Men was originally a short novel written by John Steinbeck in the 1930s. Regardless of the shortness in length, though, it is a rather deep and emotional book with quite a few messages behind the fictional storyline. These messages, however, cannot be discovered right off the bat. To genuinely absorb the messages Steinbeck teaches and actually understand the meaning behind them, one must read the book in its entirety. Steinbeck educates readers

Terrible death of Abraham Lincoln Free Essays

When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d by Walt Whitman expresses the terrible death of   Abraham Lincoln. â€Å"And the great star early droop’d †¦. † taken from the second line of the poem demonstrates the reference to President Abraham Lincoln with â€Å"Great Star† as the representation being the 16th president of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrible death of Abraham Lincoln or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whitman’s yearly reminder of Lincoln’s death is symbolizes by the blooming of the lilacs in April which justify the same month in which Lincoln was assassinated. Whitman makes use the imagery of lilacs to successfully convey the vigor of the poem. Lilacs here emphasize the things about the death and elegy of Lincoln. The first one is that the lilacs symbolize sorrow in the beginning but currently represent closure. It means the death of the president brought them sadness but the lilacs place on the coffin gives them hope because it is a symbolic gesture of honor and respect. It also signifies that even though the flower is rotten, again and again there will be new lilacs when spring comes. Just like Lincoln, through his elegy his memories will be revived. The turning point of this poem which was written by Whitman deals with death and acceptance of it. This line explains it â€Å"I leave thee lilac with heart-shaped leaves; I leave thee there in the door-yard, blooming, returning with spring†. He proves his optimistic outlook here. Lilacs also indicate the repeated sequence of life. Whitman perceives from the lilacs, that passing away is an unavoidable factor of this cycle. The images of the lilac represent love, hope, life, despair, and rebirth. They also serve as a channel that leads Whitman to understand death. Through this poem, Whitman honors Lincoln as a magnificent leader and a noble person. Aside from this, it is also important because it provides end for the nation in bereavement. Above all, the poem of lamentation efficiently shows that Lincoln’s heritage will always be reborn among the blossoming lilacs when spring returns. In my own opinion, Whitman changes poetry forever by having a concrete representation of his feeling about the person whom he adores and respects too much. The way he delivers the details of his poem, it shows that the whole nation involves here and he tries to comfort all of them even himself. In that aspect, it’s very hard for a poet or writer to address wholeheartedly the entire story of the person being emphasized. Because it may lead him to the wrong motives and implications, it can be a big issue to the readers or listeners, it maybe biased and more on criticism. But as he connects one line of the poem to the other, we will notice the strong feeling of Whitman that he is affected by the tragedy happened to the president. And he tries his best to put the details into figures of speech so that the true essence of poetry will not be erased. I do believe that Whitman change poetry forever by simply putting his heart in his poem, his true feeling and the lesson that he learns after making the whole poem. How to cite Terrible death of Abraham Lincoln, Papers

Working Towards Safer Relationships for Abuse- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWorking Towards Safer Relationships for Physical Abuse. Answer: Introduction Family violence, also referred to as domestic violence, can be described as an act of violence caused by one family member against another. According to the Australian Department of Human Services, it refers to any conduct which is threatening, controlling, coercive and violent intended to instil fear on a household member(Australian Government Department of Human Services, 2017). It may be verbal abuse, emotional abuse, physical abuse, psychological, financial, and sexual among other forms. A study conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2012 revealed that one in every eleven people has been a victim of domestic violence since the age of fifteen(ABS, 2013). Further narrowed down, this reflected one in every six women and one in every twenty men. Of importance to note is that no single cause can be attributed to family or domestic violence; however, various factors raise red flags and have been noted as common risk factors for the vice. Alcohol and drug use, experiences of childhood abuse, financial stress and a weak social support system have illuminated a strong positive correlation with domestic violence(Mitchell, 2011). Family violence can lead to a lot of detrimental effects, the worse being homicide; further, it has adverse effects on mental and physical health, child development, as well as other economic impacts on the family and society alike. The following essay aims to examine the current efforts meant to reduce the impact of family violence on individuals and society alike and identify possible recommendations that would lead to the development of a more effective program driven by the principles of social justice and an adherence to human rights in the fight against family violence. An Examination of the Challenges Facing Current Efforts to Reduce Family Violence The current approach, though effective to a certain extent is still riddled with defects. The programs adopted lack clear focus on prevention measures and are more equipped in dealing with the aftermath of family violence(Rayns, 2015). As such, there are few programs that offer services to convicted parties or that monitor possible cases and engage measures of prevention before actual violence or consequences such as those aforementioned manifest. Additionally, the philosophy behind most programs is flawed as it is based on the notion that violence or abuse on a domestic level is as a result of patriarchal ideologies. Most scholars and reformists identify women and children as the victims and men as the perpetrators. This approach shuts out a significant percentage of victims and perpetrators left with little to no recourse in the event they experience violent behaviour from a family member. Previous assumptions attributed female to male family violence as a result of self-defence; however, research continues to show that this is not always the case(Barnett, Miller-Perrin, Perrin, 2011). Another challenge emanating from the current programs and approaches undertaken to curb family violence is underreporting. As previously mentioned, data monitoring and sharing are a key component in combating the vice; it ensures relevant institutions have sufficient information to formulate strategies and allocate resources to dealing with family violence(Humphreys Stanley, 2015). However, data is only available and relevant if it is reported and in most cases, family violence incidents go unreported. This is particularly a challenge with abuse and neglect where children are the victims(Finkelhor, 2005). Reports show that despite the high number of incidents of child abuse reported, the numbers are much higher and more cases of abuse and neglect go unreported. A Proposal for a Family Violence Reduction Program Having considered the current situation on the ground and the challenges facing the fight against family violence, the following segment aims to propose a program that would reduce the impact of family violence. The proposal would serve as a recommendation on ways to mitigate the challenges mentioned above guided by the principles of social justice and adherence to basic human rights and the aim to promote safety and prevent further family violence. The action areas present an integrated approach to combating family violence as the success of one area depends on the success of the others so as to achieve the overall objective. The key action areas that will guide strategy development proposed in this program for the reduction of family violence include: A philosophical shift, Prevention measures, Establishment of a database, Early intervention strategies, Victim protection measures, Rebuilding victims lives, and, Perpetrator involvement, accountability and rehabilitation. Freedom from any form of violence is a fundamental human right; it is recognised under the right to life, freedom of expression, right to be free from torture and the right to the highest attainable standard of mental and physical health among others. Although most focus is towards womens rights in this regard, as a fundamental human right, these liberties should be enjoyed by all. This essay recognises that an effective program would require a shift in the current underlying principles and philosophies guiding program development. As such, programs aimed at eradicating family violence should adopt a less gendered approach in order to ensure violence that is meted out on male victims is also considered. As aforementioned, the current approach considers family violence as a product of the patriarchal underpinnings of current society where men are seen as the perpetrators and women the victims(Barnett, Miller-Perrin, Perrin, 2011). However, as studies have shown, this is not always th e case. Therefore in order to be effective in achieving its objective, the program should be based on an all-inclusive, non-gendered philosophy. Additionally, another challenged arising from current approaches to combating family violence is that they tend to consider the aftermath and are less prevention focused. In order to be effective in the overall reduction of family violence incidents, it is paramount to nip the issue in the bud. As such, strategies should be formulated that focus on prevention measures(Rayns, 2015). Effective prevention measures will require the involvement of all key stakeholders which includes community leaders, the government and the workforce. Family violence is a social problem and has come to be rightfully recognised as such. The strategies that are in place at the moment are as a result of government and community initiatives which have led to the development of social strategies that aid in the prevention of violence and the protection of women and children who are the most common victims. Further, there has been a rise in the establishment of centres aimed at creating a safe harbour and suppo rt system for victims as well as advocating for their rights and protection from relevant institutions(Hart, 1995). This has evolved from merely offering shelter and counselling to victims to being the drivers for reform. With this in mind, the current program should endeavour to further exploit and expand the involvement of communities through community leaders. Supporting community leaders and strengthening the community capacity through awareness and training programs will contribute greatly to early detection and prevention of family violence that in turn contributes to a reduction of its impact on the community. Further, setting up an effective and secure data collection and monitoring system is paramount to ensuring a successful and effective program is put in place; it provides the necessary evidence for the development and assessment of strategies. As aforementioned, underreporting cases has been identified as another challenge towards the fight against family violence(Humphreys Stanley, 2015), as such, it is a significant factor to consider and address in the development of an effective program. Reporting cases of abuse creates a database which aids institutions in developing effective combative strategies; the more accurate and conclusive the data, the more effective the strategy. With this in mind, any program which aims to be effective in this era will rely heavily on social justice to ensure effective data collection. This is achievable by ensuring more community involvement and awareness in matters of family violence and therefore ties in with the proposal to ensure increased engag ement of communities and community leaders the ultimate goal being early detection and prevention. Another action area the program will consider in order to minimise the effects of family violence on potential victims is integrating early intervention measures into the program. Early intervention measures include improving the response models of relevant players in the implementation of the program. That is the intervention of community leaders and organisations, intervention of the police and justice systems, intervention of key players in the workforce and education systems among others. The public health perspective to abuse and neglect recognises that early intervention is one of the key components to a holistic approach in violence prevention and reduction particularly against children(Fawcett Waugh, 2008). Early intervention relies greatly on a well-informed and up to date database. The database guides key players in identifying risk factors, persons at risk and signs of possible violence thus allowing for early intervention to prevent violence, further violence and the imp acts thereof. An equally important strategy that the program aims to consider is the protection of victims of domestic violence. Protection is vital especially at areas of first contact; victims who feel secure are more comfortable and open to participating in any civil or criminal proceedings that may arise(Hart, 1995). Participation is not merely a procedural requirement but rather has proven to contribute to the psychological healing of the victims. As such in order to encourage reporting, expand the database and promote restorative justice the program should ensure it secures the protection of victims. This strategy will also require community involvement and awareness as community centres are usually the first places of contact with family violence victims. The program should, therefore, provide training avenues for communities so as to equip them with the necessary knowledge to effectively support victims thus creating a safe harbour for more victims to open up about their plight leading to the collection of more data which ensure more effective future programs. The program would be incomplete without the inclusion of a strategy that aid victims to rebuild their lives once they have been separated from the violent environment and received justice through available legal channels. The rebuilding strategy should include support programs that avail mental, physical, financial, legal, emotional support which may be necessary for victims to regain their quality of life. The services offered in this regard should be tailored to meet the needs of victims guided by the information gathered from data collection and monitoring. Further, the programs should be flexible so that they can be adapted to meet the needs of each individual victim. The purpose of this stage in the program is to enable the victims to heal and move on with their lives. Research shows that victims of abuse or violence have significantly higher levels of emotional and mental health challenges and distress as compared to other individuals(Fawcett Waugh, 2008). In children, this ca n lead to developmental issues such as anxiety, depression as well as challenges in school(Richards, 2011). As such, the program should ensure victims receive counselling, financial support, medical support and any other assistance necessary to ensure they heal and rebuild their lives. The final strategy to consider in ensuring the development of an effective program for the reduction of family violence is ensuring perpetrators are held accountable and rehabilitated for their actions where possible. This strategy aims to ensure that perpetrators are identified and held accountable for their action. Further, it is concerned with reducing the rate of recidivism; that is, ensuring perpetrators do not repeat offences after conviction or rehabilitation. Additionally, it aims to ensure that the rehabilitation systems are alive to the issues contributing to family violence and are well equipped to tackle these issues so as to ensure adopted change programs are effective. This is a proactive approach towards the reduction of family violence(Rayns, 2015), it enables reformists to collect vital data that would aid them in identifying risk factors and patterns that would ensure prevention measures are undertaken before it is too late. Perpetrator involvement in the reduction strategy also promotes restorative justice as mentioned above. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that the proposed program should consider a change of philosophy and adopt a more restorative and social justice approach bearing in mind fundamental human rights. A change of philosophy refers to a shift from the current mindset that family violence is strictly a product of the patriarchal underpinnings of society. In order to effectively combat the vice, it is important to keep in mind that men, as well as women, can be both victims and perpetrators. Additionally, in order to encourage reporting, the program should ensure effective community involvement by creating awareness and availing training to community-based programs on how to identify and deal with risk factors and support victims. Early intervention frameworks should also be considered by re-evaluating and strengthening response strategies with regard to the police, educational institutions, workplaces and community settings. Of equal importance is the protection strategies adopted by the progr am, they should be tailored to ensure the victim feels safe and comfortable and supported so as to encourage them to seek justice and to rebuild their lives. The program should also invest in support programs and services that are tailored to meet the needs of victims as a whole and at their individual levels. Finally, in order to adopt a more preventive approach, the program should consider more offender engagement for purposes of rehabilitation as well as data collection to prevent future incidences through early identification of risk. The program proposed above presents an integrated approach to family violence reduction as the success of one strategy depends on the effective implementation of the others. References ABS. (2013). Personal Safety Survey, Australia. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Government Department of Human Services. (2017). Family and Domestic Violence. Retrieved September 26, 2017, from https://www.humanservices.gov.au/individuals/subjects/family-and-domestic-violence Barnett, O. W., Miller-Perrin, C. L., Perrin, R. D. (2011). Family Violence Across the Lifespan: An Introduction (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications Inc. Fawcett, B., Waugh, F. (2008). Addressing Violence, Abuse and Oppression: Debates and Challenges. Oxon: Routledge. Finkelhor, D. (2005). The Main Problem is Underreporting Child Abuse and Neglect. In D. R. Loseke, R. J. Gelles, M. M. Cavanaugh (Eds.), Current Controversies on Family Violence (pp. 299-310). London: Sage Publications Inc. Hart, B. J. (1995). Coordinated Community Approaches to Domestic violence. Washington D.C: Strategic Planning Workshop on Violence Against Women, National Institute of Justice. Humphreys, C., Stanley, N. (2015). Domestic Violence and Protecting Children: New Thinking and Approaches. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Mitchell, L. (2011). Domestic violence in Australia- An overview of the issues. Parliament of Australia. Rayns, G. (2015). New Approaches to Domestic Abuse. Retrieved September 26, 2017, from Strategic Planning Workshop on Violence Against Women, National Institute of Richards, K. (2011). Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence in Australia. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice(419).

Nazi Germany Totalitarian State free essay sample

Then into this devastated land, truncated by the Oder-Neisse borderline and hardly able to sustain its demoralized and exhausted population, streamed millions of people from the Eastern provinces, from the Balkans and from Eastern Europe, adding to the general picture of catastrophe the peculiarly modem touches of physical homelessness, social rootlessness, and political rightlessness. The wisdom of Allied policy in expelling all German-speaking minorities from non-German countries-as though there was not enough homelessness in the world alreadymay be doubted. But the fact is that European peoples who had experienced the murderous demographic politics of Germany during the war were seized with horror, even more than with wrath, at the very idea of having to live together with Germans in the same territory. The sight of Germanys destroyed cities and the knowledge of German concentration and extermination camps have covered Europe with a cloud of melancholy. Together, they have made the memory of the last war more poignant and more persistent, the fear of future wars more actual. We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi Germany Totalitarian State or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not the German problem, insofar as it is a national one within the comity of European nations, but HANNAH ARENDT is author of a just completed IN LESS than six years Germany laid the nightmare of Germany in its physical, moral, and political ruin has become almost as decisive an element in the general atmosphere of European life as the Communist movements. But nowhere is this nightmare of destruction and horror less felt and less talked about than in Germany itself. A lack of response is evident everywhere, and it is difficult to say whether this signifies a half-conscious refusal to yield to grief or a genuine inability to feel. Amid the ruins, Germans mail each other picture postcards still showing the cathedrals and market places, the public buildings and bridges that no longer exist. And the indifference with which they walk through the rubble has its exact counterpart in the absence of mourning for the dead, or in the apathy with which they react, or rather fail to react, to the fate of the refugees in their midst. This general lack of emotion, at any rate this apparent heartlessness, sometimes covered over with cheap sentimentality, is only the most conspicuous outward symptom of a deep-rooted, stubborn, and at times vicious refusal to face and come to terms with what really happened. INDIvERENE, and the irritation that comes when indifference is challenged, can be tested on many intellectual levels. The most obvious experiment is to state expressis verbis what the other fellow has noticed from the beginning of the conversation, namely, that you are a Jew. This is usually followed by a little embarrassed pause; and then comesnot a personal question, such as Where did you go after you left Germany? ; no sign of sympathy, such as What happened to your family? -but a deluge of stories about how Germans have suffered (true enough, of course, but beside the point); and if the object of this little experiment happens to be educated and intelligent, he will proceed to draw up a balance between German suffering and the suffering of others, the implication being that one side cancels the other and ork on totalitarianism, The Origins of Totalitarianism, soon to be published by Harcourt, Brace. Her writings on history, philosophy, and political theory in   and other periodicals have won her a wide reputation. This report on Germany was written after a recent stay of several months in that country. Dr. Arendt was born in Germany, studied under Karl Jaspers in Heidelberg, and earned her doctorate at that university. She came to this country in 19 41. 342e may as well proceed to a more promising topic of conversation. Similarly evasive is the standard reaction to the ruins. When there is any overt reaction at all, it consists of a sigh followed by the half-rhetorical, halfwistful question, Why must mankind always wage wars? The average German looks for the causes of the last war not in the acts of the Nazi regime, but in the events that led to the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise. 343 BUT, whether faced or evaded, the realities f Nazi crimes, of war and defeat, still visibly dominate the whole fabric of German life, and the Germans have developed various devices for dodging their shocking impact. The reality of the death-factories is transformed into a mere potentiality: Germans did only what others are capable of doing (with many illustrative examples, of course) or what others will do in the near future; therefore, anybody who brings up this topic is ipso facto suspected of self-righteousness. In this context, Allied policy in Germany is frequently explained as a campaign of successful revenge, even though it later turns out that the German who offers this interpretation is quite aware that most of the things he complains of were either the immediate consequence of the lost war or happened outside the will and control of the Western powers. But the insistence that there must be a careful scheme of revenge serves as a consoling argument, demonstrating the equal sinfulness of all men. The reality of the destruction that surrounds every German is dissolved into a reflective but not very deep-rooted self-pity, easily dissipated when ugly little one-story structures that might have been imported from some Main Street in America spring up on some of the great avenues to conceal fragmentarily the grimness of the landscape, and to offer an abundance of provincial elegance in super-modern display windows. In France and Great Britain, people feel a greater sadness about the relatively few landmarks destroyed in the war than the Germans do for all their lost treasures together. The boastful hope is expressed in Germany that the country will become the most modern in Europe; yet it is mere talk, and some person who has just voiced that hope will insist a few minutes later, at another turn in the conversation, that the next war will do to all European cities what this one did to Germanys-which of course is possible, but signifies again only the transformation of reality into potentiality. The undertone of satisfaction that one often detects in the Germans talk about the next war expresses no sinister renewal of German lans of conquest, as sq many observers have maintained, but is only another device for escaping reality: in an eventual equality of destruction, the German situation would lose its acuteness. S course, an escape fromalone; all the peoresponsibility. In this the Germans are not ples of Western Europe have developed the habit of blaming their misfortunes on some force out of their reach: it may be America and the Atlantic Pact today, the legacy of Nazi occupation tomorrow, and history in general every day of the week. But this attitude is more pronounced in Germany, where the temptation to blame everything under the sun on the occupying powers is difficult to resist: in the British zone everything is blamed on British fear of German competition; in the French zone on French nationalism; and in the American zone, where things are better in every respect, on American ignorance of the European mentality. The complaints are only natural, and they all contain a kernel of truth; but behind them is a stubborn unwillingness to make use of the many possibilities left to German initiative. This is perhaps most clearly revealed in the German newspapers, which express all their convictions in a carefully cultivated style of Schadenfreude, malicious joy in ruination. It is as though the Germans, denied the power to rule the world, had fallen in love with impotence as such, and now find a positive pleasure in contemplating international tensions and the unavoidable mistakes that occur in the business of governing, regardless of the possible consequences for themselves. Fear of Russian aggression does not necessarily result in an unequivocal pro-American attitude, but often leads to a determined neutrality, as though it were as absurd to take sides in the conflict as it would be to take sides in an earthquake. The awareness that neutrality will not change ones fate makes it in turn impossible to translate this mood into a rational policy, and the mood itself, by its very irrationality, becomes even more bitter. CUCH an escape from reality is also, of 344 BUT COMMENTARY count of what actually happened, and to eliminate the teachers who have become incapable of doing so. The danger to German academic life is not only from those who hold that freedom of speech should be exchanged for a dictatorship in which a single unfounded, irresponsible opinion would acquire a monopoly over all others, but equally from those who ignore facts and reality and establish their private opinions, not necessarily as the only right ones, but as opinions that are as justified as others. The unreality and irrelevance of most of these opinions, as compared with the grim relevance of the experience of those who hold them, is sharply underlined by their having been formed before 1933. There is an almost instinctive urge to take refuge in the thoughts and ideas one held before anything compromising had happened. The result is that while Germany has changed beyond recognition-physically and psychologically-people talk and behave superficially as though absolutely nothing had happened since 1932. The authors of the few really important books written in Germany since 1933 or published since 1945 were already famous twenty and twenty-five years ago. The younger generation seems to be petrified, inarticulate, incapable of consistent thought. A young German art historian, guiding his audience among the masterpieces of the Berlin Museum, which had been sent on tour through several American cities, pointed to the Ancient Egyptian statue of Nefertiti as the sculpture for which the whole world envies us, and then proceeded to say (a) that even the Americans had not dared to carry this symbol of the Berlin collections to the United States, and (b) that because of the intervention of the Americans, the British did not dare to carry the Nefretete to the British Museum. The two contradictory attitudes to the Americans were separated by only a single sentence: the speaker, devoid of convictions, was merely groping automatically among the cliches with which his mind was furnished to find the one that might fit the occasion. The cliches have more often an old-fashioned nationalistic than an outspoken Nazi tone, but in any case one seeks in vain to discover behind them a consistent point of view, be it even a bad one. With the downfall of Nazism, the Germans found themselves again exposed to he B perhapshabit most striking andasfrightening aspect of the German flight from of treating facts though reality is the they were mere opinions. For example, the question of who started the last war, by no means a hotly debated issue, is answered by a surprising variety of opinions. An otherwise quite normally intelligent woman in Southern Germany told me that the Russians had begun the war with an attack on Danzig; this is only the crudest of many examples. Nor is this transformation of facts into opinions restricted to the war question; in all fields there is a kind of gentlemens agreement by which everyone has a right to his ignorance under the pretext that everyone has a right to his opinion-and behind this is the tacit assumption that opinions really do riot matter. This is a very serious thing, not only because it often makes discussion so hopeless (one does not ordinarily carry a reference library along everywhere), but primarily because the average German honestly believes this free-for-all, this nihilistic relativity about facts, to be the essence of democracy. In fact, of course, it is a legacy of the Nazi regime. The lies of totalitarian propaganda are distinguished from the normal lying of nontotalitarian regimes in times of emergency by their consistent denial of the importance of facts in general: all facts can be changed and all lies can be made true. The Nazi impress on the German mind consists primarily in a conditioning whereby reality has ceased to be the sum total of hard inescapable facts and has become a conglomeration of everchanging events and slogans in which a thing can be true today and false tomorrow. This conditioning may be precisely one of the reasons for the surprisingly few traces of any lasting Nazi indoctrination, as well as for an equally surprising lack of interest in the refuting of Nazi doctrines. What one is up against is not indoctrination but the incapacity or unwillingness to distinguish altogether between fact and opinion. A discussion about the events of the Spanish Civil War will be conducted on the same level as a discussion of the theoretical merits and shortcomings of democracy.

List of Halogens (Element Groups)

List of Halogens (Element Groups) The halogen elements are located in group VIIA of the periodic table, which is the second-to-last column of the chart. This is a list of elements that belong to the halogen group and the properties that they share in common: Types of Halogens Depending on who you ask, there are either 5 or 6 halogens. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine definitely are halogens. Element 117, which has the placeholder name of ununseptium, might have some properties in common with the other elements. Even though it is in the same column or group of the periodic table with the other halogens, most scientists believe element 117 will behave more like a metalloid. So little of it has been produced, its a matter of prediction, not empirical data. FluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatineTennessine (might behave as a halogen, at least in some respects) Halogen Properties These elements share some common properties that distinguish them from other elements on the periodic table. They are highly reactive nonmetals.Atoms of belonging to the halogen group have 7 electrons in their outermost (valence) shell. These atoms need one more electron in order to have a stable octet.Halogens are highly electronegative, with high electron affinities.The melting and boiling points of the halogens increase as you increase atomic number (as you move down the periodic table).The elements change their state of matter at room temperature and pressure as you increase atomic number. Fluorine and chlorine are gases. Bromine is a liquid element. Iodine is a solid. Scientists predict tennessine will be a solid at room temperature.

Naturalized Citizen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Naturalized Citizen - Essay Example The USA is the land of opportunity. I will now tell about the process of naturalization in this country. In order to become a U.S. citizen one has to file a petition for naturalization - the various forms for this purpose are Form N-400 if your age is above 18 years; Form N-600 if less than 18 years and Form N -643 for an adopted child - with the appropriate USCIS Service Centre. Such persons should have a good moral character and should have been lawful residents of the U.S. for more than five years , of which, at least six months should have been in the state from which the petition is being filed. They must have been physically present in the U.S. for at least two and a half years of this five year period. Petitioners are required to read, write and speak English. They must have knowledge of the history and government of the U.S; they should be attached to the principles of the U.S. Constitution and should be favorably disposed towards the USA. Such petitions must be signed by the applicant and must be attested to by two credible witnesses who are citizens of the U.S and who are personally acquainted with the applicant.

Ethics (David Hume and Kant) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics (David Hume and Kant) - Essay Example Hume tries to anchor his definition of morals in human sentiments, he is seen to stray away into pure rhetoric. For example, Hume has said, â€Å"what is honourable, what is fair, what is becoming, what is noble, what is generous, takes possession of the heart, and animates us to embrace and maintain it† (4). In contrast to this he (Hume) claims that â€Å"what is intelligible, what is evident, what is probable, what is true procures only the cool assent of the understanding; and gratifying a speculative curiosity, puts an end to our researches† (4) These are not propositions supported by reason but only statements which have a subjective quality. Thus to question the role of reason, Hume is compelled to use arguments which themselves are based on reason and this could be considered as the greatest disadvantage of Hume while proving his theory. Kant adheres to an a priori moral principle based on pure reason while Hume derives his principle from a posteriori elements such as experience and observation. For Hume, virtue is created out of feelings but Cant contests this argument by saying that â€Å"in its Idea there is only one virtue; but in fact there is a multitude of virtues, made up of several different qualities†. In this manner, Kant is able to define the boundaries of his principle into a unified theory while Hume, by stressing upon experience, falls pray to a multitude of variations of virtue. Such kind of variations by which virtue as a moral value looses its very sense of purpose. To show the universality of his theory of reason, Kant has made a differentiation between a maxim and a moral law: A maxim is a subjective principle of acting, and must be distinguished from the objective principle, namely, the practical law. The former contains the practical rule determined by reason conformably with the conditio ns of the subject (often his ignorance or also his inclinations), and is therefore the principle in accordance with which the subject acts; but the law is the objective principle valid for every rational being, and the principle in accordance with which he ought to act, i.e.; an imperative (31). Here, it can be seen that what derives from Hume's theory are mere maxims which depends on the â€Å"conditions of the subject† while what Kant prescribes is beyond that. For example, if a person feels that she needs to steal because she has nothing to eat, and she is poor owing to no fault of hers, and also she sees that many others have more than what they need, then, according to Hume, her sentiment is not morally invalid. But Kant, by putting before us the universal moral principle that stealing is evil, in all circumstances, reveals a more solid ground. The danger of stealing, in this instance could be that though stealing of food by a person who has nothing to eat is somewhat ju stified, such an act may serve as a justification for more selfish and evil kinds of stealing. Here, the necessity for a universal principle rather than a maxim is very evident. It is based on a unique concept of freedom that Kant argues for a universal moral principle. For him, freedom is the ability to follow that universal moral p

Hospitality sales and marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Hospitality sales and marketing - Case Study Example Since it is a vital component of marketing, product development determines whether or not a business succeeds in its industry. In this context, the term product development incorporates services, hence its application to service-based industries. Since the beginning of the 20th century, firms have become increasingly reliant on the superiority of their products to gain and maintain competitive advantage. Lee (2013) argues that the importance of the product is evident in theoretical and practical knowledge, typified by the notion that the product precedes all other requirements for starting a business. The product is also considered by many scholars to be the most important of all Ps (Cunill, 2012). It, therefore, follows that product development is a fundamental aspect of business growth. This leads to one of the most common business practices and a major source of competitive advantage: integration. When companies integrate, they do so to encourage expansion and domination in a specific industry. There are two types of integration that can be used by any company to give a company greater more presence in any market: horizontal and vertical integration (Evans, Campbell & Stonehouse, 2012). This literature review will lean towards the latter as it is relevant to the subject. According to Fazlollahi, Franke & Ullberg (2012), historically, firms used vertical integration to influence access to limited resources. In the contemporary business setting, companies are disintegrated both internally and externally, and they engage in numerous joint ventures and strategic alliances as part of their growth strategies (Lahiri & Narayanan, 2013). It has even become common for corporations to outsource even those processes that are usually viewed as key. Some of the best examples of vertical integration can be found in the oil sector. In the 70s and 80s, numerous firms were involved in the pro specting and

Terrorist Threats Faced In The Uk Criminology Essay

Terrorist Threats Faced In The Uk Criminology Essay For Steven Greers article on anti-terrorism law, there were many distinctions he picked out when taking into account the background, and other facts on the terrorism organisation. He contrasts between the threat before 9/11 and after 9/11 using Northern Ireland and Al-Qaeda as his examples. He states how Northern Ireland were subjected to the diplock process, characterised by non-jury courts, extended police and army powers to stop and question, stop and search, search and seize, and arrest and detain for up to seven days without charge. He emphasizes and distinguishes how most of the people arrested under this diplock process, three quarter of them were released. And convictions mainly based on largely based on confessions extracted in police interrogation or obtained as a result of evidence provided by supergrasses. Mr Greer distinguishes the shoot to kill policy, whereby it was introduced before 9/11. There is evidence that elements in the British security agencies colluded in mur der with Loyalist paramilitaries due to this policy. Another distinguish is the seven day policy, Mr Greer points out how before 9/11, the united kingdom had seven-day detention provision did not violate the Convention because there were grounds for maintaining that the conflict in Northern Ireland amounted to a public emergency threatening the life of the nation. In 1998 human rights act was introduced whereby it empowers UK courts to consider whether anti-terrorist detention provisions are compatible with the Convention and, if necessary, to force a government rethink as dramatically occurred in the Belmarsh case in 2004. For post 9/11, Mr Greer using the two prime examples, to outline how each of them operates differently and how much of a risk they are to the UK. He states how some people perceive terrorism as too broad the long war where it is more of a struggle against terrorism with terrorism in the UK context meaning something narrower than the definition, namely violent threats to a liberal democratic state and society .He distinguishes many factors which when putting into account make the pre 9/11 terrorism seem minor implications. First, he distinguishes post 9/11 how the IRA embraced a modern, secular, nationalist ideology, whereas AQT terrorists invoke Islamism, a political ideology which relies heavily on Islam, a pre-modern religion. Consequences of this, Muslims in the United Kingdom and elsewhere would repudiate as inauthentic and illegitimate. The second difference is that the IRAs violence had limited territorial objective to enhance the political power of the nationalist minority in the north of Ireland. It was never intended to destroy a civilization or a way of life. Indeed the way of life. Post 9/11 threats to the UK Greer points out how terrorist organisations such as AQT their goals were much more ambitious and were clearly linked to a conflict over control of territory in the Middle East and not Britain. Greer also points out British jihadists are motivated by a sense of injustice stemming from disadvantage and discrimination suffered by British Muslims. In contrast with pre 9/11 and post 9/11 the old-fashioned nationalism of the IRA is quite different to Islamist terrorism objective to destroy the West as a decadent and ungodly anti-civilization. Another distinction that Steven Greer uses is the terrorisms fire power. He shows how pre 9/11 the IRA never used suicide bombs, which in contrast to post 9/11 is the favoured method of AQT terrorism. The IRA always had in mind to minimise civilian casualties whereas post 9/11 AQT terrorism seeks to maximise civ ilian casualties. Steven Greer also outlines how pre 9/11 the IRA remained a centrally-controlled and hierarchical paramilitary organisation. Whilst AQT organisations, very loosely structured with no central command other than the inspiration provided by charismatic and highly independent leaders. In the sense outlined, the IRA was a terrorist organisation and Al Qaeda type (AQT) associations are terrorist organisations. But there the similarities end. There are nearly a dozen much more significant differences between post 9/11 and pre 9/11 threats facing the UK. Mr Greers distinctions are very clear to where each terrorist organisation differs for instance when it comes down to casualties, pre 9/11 the IRA would try to minimise the casualties and be effective but post 9/11 the more casualties the better for AQT. It may be that the law has not been so harsh on anti-terrorism that the boundaries on casualties have increased. During the years the fire power and technology has become m ore advanced such as bombs, effectively to deter people or stop them security measures and more harsh laws have been placed. This could explain the 28 day period they can derogate them for, in order to have enough time to gather evidence. Relatively the key objective of antiterrorist laws must now be to contribute significantly to the prevention of attacks and to prosecute those responsible before they occur, since the risk has tripled from pre 9/11. To be effective as possible when risks such as this are at large, gathering accurate intelligence and responding to it appropriately is crucial relating back to pre-9/11 police confessions amount to arrests is not enough. However misuse of these powers could lead to inaccurate evidence such as the insensitive use of stop and question and stop and search powers can provoke anger which, in turn, can cause more damage to intelligence-gathering than the information produced. The use of arrest and detention powers for intelligence-gathering purposes is also incompatible with the European Convention. So by law Human rights should overrule the arrest and derogation powers. What did the Law Lords rule in relation to the provisions under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime Security Act, 2001 concerning indefinite detention, without charge, of foreign nationals? Where are we now in terms of extraordinary powers of detention in cases of suspected terrorism? The Anti-Terrorism, Crime Security Act gave the Home Secretary power to verify a foreign national as a suspected international terrorist (s. 21). The House of Lords Judicial Committee on December 2004 concluded with their judgement on the compatibility of the Part 4 powers with the (ECHR). The Human Rights 1998 (Designated Derogation) Order 2001 was crushed and section 23 of the ATCSA was affirmed to be incompatible with Articles 5 (right to liberty) and 14 (freedom from discrimination) of the ECHR. The House of Lords considered Part 4 powers were discriminatory. Their reasoning was it only applied to foreign nationals and also acknowledged that they were not proportionate to threats the UK faced was facing on terrorism. From this action, the Government replaced the Part 4 powers with a new system of Control Orders. Control Orders would be subjected to all suspected terrorist, whether him or her being a UK national or not. Also whatever the aim of his/her terrorist activity is. In cases of extraordinary powers on suspected terrorism, control orders allows the authorities to impose conditions from prohibitions on accessing items or any service, restrictions on being with particular individuals, or restrictions on movement or curfews. The Home Secretary has the power to make a control order based on any intelligence provided. On suspected terrorism, Control Orders could be varied and controls changed if the individual poses a larger threat. These types of powers may be up to certain strict periods, as Control Orders will be time limited and can be set up to 12 months at a time allowing them to be renewable thereafter. The powers are set strict enough to when breach of a condition, it would be a criminal offence most likely of imprisonment. In the light of what you have read, do you consider that a period of up to 28 days detention without charge of those suspected of terrorism is reconcilable with Article 5, ECHR and with the ECtHRs jurisprudence on extended detention periods in such cases? In light of what I have read, 28 days is too much to keep a person in pre-trial detention on charges of suspected terrorism. The 2006 Terrorism act , I doubt would have considered beforehand putting a person away for 28 days what would the damage be to the mental health, personal and family relationships and employment of the person detained for periods as long as this. Putting people under long detention periods by the police may amount to a confess at the end, but might it is also well known that detention rules such as these can produce false confessions which, in their turn, can lead to miscarriages of justice. Steven Greer outlined this prime principle with his example of the evidence gathered on Northern Ireland indicated that most confessions in such processes are, in fact, made in the first 48 hours. But that was pre 9/11 however now the risks are much bigger several days would seem the best option. In contrast with Article5 (2), a person shall be informed promptly of the rea sons for the arrest and any charge against them and that they shall be brought promptly before a judge (Art.5 (3)). The 28-day pre-charge detention period would, therefore, appear to constitute a violation of human rights. In a more logic instances, factors should be considered and outlined on whether this person should be detained for longer, for example if the person is a potential threat to community and has previous charges of providence false statements or evidence. In any trial before on suspected terrorism it should be what characteristics does the current terrorist threat have, which would be able to extended power of pre-charge detention? The Government originally advocated a 90-day period on the grounds that much more time is required, is too extreme. This in most instances should violate the rights of an individual person. 28 days is still to be considered under the Convention test let alone 90 days or 42. In comparison other western democracy i.e. the USA, it is quite astonishing that the United Kingdoms 28-day has the longest pre-charge detention period. Under U.S. Federal law, the maximum period of pre-charge detention is 48 hours. This limit comes from the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution. Overall, detaining people for 28 days without charge inevitably leads to injustice, and undermines our ability to fight terrorism. It also affects the British tradition of liberty and justice. Libertys Director, Shami Chakrabarti, has consistently argued against extended periods of detention in suspected terrorism cases and is critical of reliance on the states Article 15 power to derogate (enabling it to suspend the protection of the ECHR): It simply seems to me that a state of public emergency of indefinite length is as dangerous as the unending war on terror which allows the murderer to call himself a soldier. A limitless state of emergency is a contradiction in terms. It is no longer a temporary departure from the proper and normal order of society for as short a period as possible in order to re-establish means of existence, government and law. It is instead a new state of being. A state of constitutional poverty without the ethical framework that we most need in times of greatest difficulty. (last page of her article, Terrorism and the Rule of Law). Is she right? Libertys Director, Shami Chakrabarti, has regularly argued against extended periods of detention (imprisonment) in suspected terrorism cases and is critical of (confidence) reliance on the states Article 15 power to derogate (take away) (enabling it to suspend the protection of the ECHR): It simply seems to me that a state of public emergency of indefinite (unfixed) length is as dangerous as the (endless) unending war on terror which allows the murderer to call himself a soldier. A limitless (unlimited) state of emergency is a contradiction (conflict) in terms. It is no longer a temporary departure (retreat) from the proper and normal order of society for as short a period as possible in order to re-establish (re-build) means of existence, government and law. It is instead a new state of being. A state of constitutional poverty (shortage) without the ethical (moral) framework (structure/background) that we most need in times of greatest difficulty. (last page of her article, Terroris m and the Rule of Law). Is she right? Prior to shami chakrabati principle on how an unlimited period of public emergency is the same as an endless war on terror. Being able to derogate our rights on detention and on other rights, retreats us from the proper normal society we are living in today. Laws such as these will never be able to allow us return to normal but instead lead us into a state of a constituinoal poverty without the moral structure. Governments at a time like this would instead of focusing on how to prevent any terrorisim from happeneing, split our society up based on our views rather than our actions. As lod hoff man stated the real to the life of the nation comes not from terrorisim, but from laws such as these. An example can be the new-anti terror control orders surely the are likely to breach Article 6. Not surprising as to some quite significant interference with liberty without charge or trial. Another prime example being the government trying to extend the pre trial detention to ninety days. Sur ely under Article 5, demands prompts information on reasons of your arrest and any charges against you. And this is only for terror supects. Picture how ninety days in prison and being released without charge, not only would he be disgusted with the britsh laws but other people would stay clear of the police when it comes to co-operating with some useful inside information on the latest terrorist activity. Even so what with chakarbati giving some in sight on the rule of law , in todays news there are various news articles on how britian has been torturing our own british suspects in camps such as guantamano bay and Pakistan. The British have paid whatever costs to use all means possible to access any information relating to terrorists activity.

Lord Of The Flies Chapter 4: Painted faces And Long hair :: English Literature

Lord Of The Flies Chapter 4: Painted faces And Long hair At the beginning of this chapter the link with moral order and civilisation is still present This is noticeable when Roger is throwing stones but makes sure they do no hit Henry. This is because â€Å"the taboo of the old life† is still strong, â€Å"Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law† However there is a suggestion that civilisation is becoming remote for the boys â€Å"Rogers arm was conditioned by a civilisation that new nothing of him and was in ruins† Civilisation is a distant memory. Roger and Maurice are beginning to behave differently towards the littluns. They kicked their sand castles over, buried the flowers and scattered the chosen stones. They enjoy doing this, something they would have not done in their past life as they would have been punished by their parents. Maurice realises this while walking away as he â€Å"still felt the unease of a wrong-doing.† This shows that although they have broken away from their past life, by rule breaking, they still have a sense of right and wrong. Moral standards are under threat in this new environment. Jacks standards and morals have been eroded. He claims that his war paint is for camouflage and will help him when he is hunting, â€Å"They don’t smell me. They see me.† He claims. Jack is excited by his new appearance. However the war paint removes him from his previous identity. The others are â€Å"appalled† as Jack â€Å"began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling.† He takes on primitiveness and leaves behind the rules and laws from his previous life. The war paint mask appeared to be taking control â€Å"the mask was a thing on it’s own† and it â€Å" compelled them† Jack had left behind his â€Å"shame and self consciousness.† Piggy is trying to maintain a link with civilisation by suggesting they could make a sundial. However this is treated with sarcasm and ridicule from Ralph â€Å"and an airplane, and a TV set†¦ and a steam engine.† Piggy, keen to be accepted misinterprets Ralph’s smile as a friendly gesture but Ralph becomes dismissive and moves away. The boys suddenly realise that their fire has gone out and a ship passes by without seeing them. Ralph hears the hunting processions chanting led by Jack. During the early days Jack could not bring himself to kill a pig. However killing has now become acceptable. The boys involved in the hunt have broken what was earlier, a taboo. Not only are they now prepared to kill, they actually take real pleasure in doing so â€Å"Kill

Coca-Cola Complaint Letter

President The Coca-Cola Company Box 1734 Atlanta GA 30301 To the President of Coca-Cola Yesterday, April 8, 2013 I was drinking a can of Coca-Cola at school during lunch; when all of the sudden, I could feel something hard in my mouth. I spit the pop out as well as the hard object; there was a dead cockroach in my pop! I was immediately disgusted and embarrassed that I almost swallowed a dead cockroach. Everyone including friends and teachers saw this gross insect in my drink, and the principle of my school told me to immediately file a complaint letter to you.I still have the cockroach and the can inside a plastic bag and pictures of it when it happened for if I decide to press charges against the company. I would not like to because I do like the company, but this was just a terrible time for me. If you would like me to send you the can and the pictures then I am okay with that. I believe that this is not fair to me that I had to go through this in front of my whole entire school. I think that I should get some sort of apology for this happening to me.If I could get some sort of apology and maybe something else, then in return I will not press charges on the Coca-Cola industry. I do still like the beverage but I am questioning if I should still buy your products because I am a little nervous about this whole thing happening again. Anything nice would be much appreciated and the apology would be greatly accepted if I got one. If I get something for having this happen to me then I might consider continuing with drinking your beverage. Thank you for your time and I hope to hear from you soon. Sincerely,

The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver essays

The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver essays There seems to be a buzz going around about Barbara Kingsolver's indifference towards men. Much of that, though, is generated by one of her first novels, The Bean Trees. It does ring true, for this particular story, that only one man out of many plays a laudable part. But that novel fails to represent Kingsolver's entire spectrum of stories. Another one of her just as successful novels, Animal Dreams, highlights a major male character, and a few others, with a positive sheen. The two novels, so similar in the way of a woman's self-journey, are also quite different when it comes to outlooks on men. The reason Taylor Greer, the main character in The Bean Trees, leaves her hometown is because there is nothing for her there. Mainly, she has seen pretty much every woman in the town "get hogtied to a future as a tobacco farmer's wife", or some equal/worse fate. The men in her life, including her father, have instilled a bad feeling in Taylor, either by being lazy and boring, leaving their spouses, or even beating the women who "love" them. By the time the cute northern high school teacher comes along, Taylor isn't even "moony" over him and he would be the one to like. So as a young girl, she learns not to be easily impressed by members of the male species. As the novel rumbles along her path of discovery, it refuses to introduce any positive men except for Estevan, the unattainable. It only brings in more reasons to dislike them, actually, with Taylor's best friend left heartbroken by her husband, and with Taylor's success in a virtually all-female close-knit circle of friends. Nothing in this novel suggests a positive feeling towards men. A couple of years after The Bean Trees, Kingsolver introduced a new novel called Animal Dreams. This one goes against any "male-bashing" that readers may have picked up from her previous work. In fact, it uses a man to help the main character, Codi, feel most at home with herself and her town. ...

Animal Report essays

Animal Report essays What does the black bear look like? This bear comes in many types of colors such as brown, black, gold, and even white. They have a brown muzzle, white chest which is very uncommon and their skin is light gray. They have a heavy body, a short tail, rounded ears, plantigrade feet and hind feet with 5 toes and front feet with 4 toes. They can get very fast even up to 25 miles per hour. Black bears have a humped shoulder with barley visible claws. Also its hind legs are a lot larger then its front legs. Black bears also weigh about 100-400 pounds and they can get as big as 4 feet. And they have a huge coat for them to keep warm in the winter. But the best thing about them is their soft and they are very cute too! They have color eye sight with very good up close but not so good far away. Their scent smell is 100 times more complex then humans and their limits to smelling th ings can go over 150 yards! They are one of the more intelligent animals and have a very good long term memory. They also have the heaviest brain of most mammals. They make grunts for noises and loud blowing and growling. What is the black bears habitat? This amazing animal lives all over North America and ranges all the down to northern Mexico. The black bear lives in all sorts of types of places like the green forest, wetlands, mountains and even the tundra. But it mostly prefers the green forests. For it to survive and flourish in the forest, it needs high vegetation rates like plants, nuts and berries and all that other good stuff. It also needs meat from those little critters like chipmunks...

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summery - Essay Example Idealism encompass individual dealings based on corporate ethical values, religion, gender and age, while the relativism encompass religion and provide the view that moral actions of individuals depend upon the natural history and weigh the situation accordingly. The article discuss about the ethical value questionnaire to examine the ethical ideologies of senior managers from organizations listed in Australian Stock Exchange. The results signify that senior Australian managers display geometric mean of 22.9 for idealism and relativism with geometric mean of 16.4. The study also specifies that no relationship was observed between age and idealism. Although, the study finds a low response, but those who responded are keen to behave ethically as compared to non-responders. However, the study did not incorporate heterogeneous immigrant community and emphasize on the fact that effective ethical training is required to generate managerial skills for ethically challenging situations. These training programs will enhance sensitivity to the diverse ethical ideologies and help the managers to avoid potential conflicts. The study opens the door to perform research in the direction of providing an insight for examining and generating interplay between individualism/ collectivism and idealism/ relativism of managers belonging to different cultures.

Managerial Decision Making Research and Analysis Paper - 1

Managerial Decision Making and Analysis - Research Paper Example This strategic initiative has enabled the company to grow its business in international scales. As a result, nowadays, Starbucks operates in 62 countries across North America, Latin America, the Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa. As of September, 2014 the company employed approximately 191, 000 people (Starbucks Annual Report, 2014). For the FY 2014 the company reported the total net revenue of $16, 447.8 million, which resulted in 12% increase compared to the revenue generated in FY 2013 (Starbucks Annual Report). Below is provided more detailed overview of company’s total net revenue for the past 5 years. Thus, total net revenues of Starbucks increased by 11% in 2014 compared to 2013. In terms of business segments, the Americas business segment has generated the highest share of revenue - $ 12 billion (increased by 9% compared to FY 2013 (Starbucks Annual Report, 2014). Starbucks, being a company operating internationally faces many different types of risks and uncertainties, which are industry-specific, country-specific and general business risks. In its Annual Financial report, Starbucks indicates risks and possible changes to the economic environment that could ultimately appear to have adverse affect on its financial condition, business, or results of operation. Some of these risks include the following: As the US is one of the major markets generating significant share of the total revenue of the company, it is dependent on the economic condition in this country, in particular, on consumer discretionary spending (Starbucks Annual Report, 2014). Starbucks operates in food and beverage industry and is subject to public criticism and other adverse opinions. Such incidents could harm the company’s business and damage its brand value (Starbucks Annual Report, 2014). Thus, for example any report linking Starbucks with use of unclean water would threaten the

INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK - Essay Example Various British designers are accredited with the reputation and image par excellence and would create opportunities for augmenting the possibilities of being inducted in reputed professional companies overseas or abroad (Andriopoulos, C., & Dawson, P. 2009). There is a leading company in United Kingdom that is privately owned and involved in clothing as its primary business. The company is also designing and an expert in retailing its brands of label range wears of various segments regardless of age. Mr. David Reiss the owner of the company Reiss took over from his father and created an opportunity of narrowing the gap in mass market clothes of high street as well as designer wears. It is pertinent to note that narrowing down the gap translates into provision of good quality as well as stylish clothes for prices that are amazingly affordable. The strategy following the aftermath of success creates vistas for opening up expansion in Dublin the capital of Ireland. The strategy can be created by launching wide ranges of women’s wear and globalize the business along with Dublin. Even though the efforts are on for making penetration into various countries the headway has been successful in claiming establishment of 27 outlets of retai l as well as concessions numbering to three in the United Kingdom until now. Mr. Reiss continues to be endowed with the capacity of a guiding influence with strength that is all pervasive in the company. The company Reiss is capable of creating a good brand value and an entry by creating an opportunity to internationalize the company in a manner that would be conducive for strategizing the brands and the segments. There has been successful expansion into the fields of new segments of wears including opportunities for children’s wears. This strategy should be further improved to create wide ranges of brands for encompassing a new

Leadership Styles Essay Example for Free

Leadership Styles Essay The leadership styles of the United States Presidents can make them effective or it can limit their effectiveness. The effectiveness of the President has direct effect on the American people. Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy were two leaders that had major influences in the mid-20th century. Both men played a key role in the United States involvement in Vietnam. The experiences, styles of leading, and characteristics of both President’s Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy intensified the level of involvement the United States had in the Vietnam experience. Even though the leadership styles may have differed, the two leaders refused to let communism spread (Moss, 2010). Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy’s leadership style although different had similar qualities. President Eisenhower and Kennedy could be considered to have the leadership styles of both the â€Å"Director† and â€Å"Navigator†. Thomas Preston has explained a Director style is a leader with â€Å"both extensive policy experience and a high need for power† (Preston, 2001). Directors have direct involvement in policy process by setting guidelines and advocating for their own personal views. The Navigator also has extensive expertise in policy but they also search for the opinions and viewpoints of other advisors. Navigators will gather the information and from the multiple different perspectives have a more deliberate decision making style. Without having a Navigator sense of style, the effectiveness of any leader can be limited because of a lack of information gathered and reviewed for decision. President Eisenhower proved his leadership style by the way he was involved in the political unrest in Vietnam. According to Preston, President Eisenhower â€Å"preferred formal, hierarchically organized advisory structure where information and advice could be centralized into a small inner circle of advisers† (Preston, 2001). However because of the President’s expertise in foreign policy he had a very active personal role in the policy process and delegated very little to other expert advisors. Eisenhower’s own preferences in policy lead to the policy decisions. President Eisenhower gave the command to intervene in southern Vietnam and replace the French (Moss, 2010). This was to maintain a non-Communist state thereby halting the potential spread of Communism. President Kennedy was interested in multiple perspectives on policy; he listened to different sources on conflicting views and planned for debates prior to decision making (Preston, 2001). Kennedy wanted political rest and peace in Vietnam but knew that without US involvement, the fighting and attacks on Vietnam would increase. Because of this, the United States became more heavily involved which meant more military forces and money being spent. Kennedy had made decisions to violate the provisions of the Geneva agreements of 1954, thereby increasing the U.S. military significantly in Vietnam. â€Å"Kennedy was not trying to win in Vietnam: he was doing only enough not to lose† (Moss, 2010). This sense of leadership by Kennedy was devised to protect the U.S. by only having a limited partnership with the Vietnam government. For President Kennedy, as a Director, he kept active involvemen t in policy process and needed assurance that his own thoughts and ideas would dominate the end result. However, as the Navigator, he trusted his advisory team and kept an open advisory system â€Å"characterized by a mixed formal-informal advice network† (Preston, 2001). With the dual leadership style the President called for the heavy military involvement in Vietnam in 1965 (Moss, 2010). By having expertise in foreign affairs and taking the advice of his advisors, President Kennedy made the important decision to become more involved in the war efforts. For the United States, the President’s leadership is very important. The President is the countries representation. It is both very prestigious and powerful to be voted in as President of the United States. The President has the ability to keep the United States from war, or send us to war. The President is in charge of the military, deciding where troops should be stationed and how weapons should be used. That is great power, and without the backing of the American people the President and his cabinet wouldn’t be as powerful as they are. The American people need to know that the President has their best interest in mind. In conclusion, regardless of who the President is, the need for leadership is of great importance. By having both the Director and Navigator style leadership, the role of the President can be effective. The expertise, the desire to have a powerful role but also having the willingness to view other opinions for decision making is essential to making a great leader. The role the President has to be one that is inspiring to the American people but also the American people need to trust their leader, without trust there would be weakness.

Symbol Quilts Story

Symbol Quilts Story Symbolism of Quilt in â€Å"Everyday Use?† by Alice Walker: An Analysis Symbol has been accepted by various scholars as one of the most important aspects of any piece of literature, since the entire plot revolves around it. â€Å"But what is a symbol? A symbol does not direct our attention to something else as a sign does. It does not direct at all. It â€Å"means† something else. It somehow comes to contain within itself the thing it means. The word â€Å"ball† is a sign to my dog and a symbol to me. If I say â€Å"ball† to my dog, he will respond like a good Pavlovian organism and look under the sofa and fetch it. But if I say â€Å"ball† to you, you will simply look at me and, if you are patient, finally say, â€Å"What about it?† The dog responds to the word by looking for thing; you conceive the ball through the word â€Å"ball.† Walker Percy Attribution: Walker Percy (1916-1990), U.S. novelist. The Message in the Bottle, ch. 7, Farrar (1975). In Alice Walkers short story â€Å"Everyday Use?† various symbols exist among which the most dominant is the quilts. Quilts are a fine example of a folk craft that started as simply useful and become emotionally charged. The patterns become artistically ambitious and emotionally meaningful, and the fabric used carried meaning as well. Not only that, but also how the quilts were made became part of the social structure. The symbolism of the quilts can be argued in various ways, depending upon the perspective either intended by the author or perceived by the reader. In this story, however, represent the connectedness of history and the intergenerational ties of the family. Now why are quilts so important in this story is it because it is the essence of pride in the family and needs to be displayed or is it because is it because it helps Dee feel superior over her own sister Maggie. Dee wishes to acquire the quilts because her grandmother stitched them by hand and in order to show her affection Dee wants to display the quilts by hanging them on the wall on her home. This does show her pride in her family but then again Dee gets outraged when her mother expresses her wish to give the quilts to Maggie. This is the point where Dees pride falls in the grey area. In Dees words â€Å"Maggie cant appreciate these quilts . . . Shed probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use . . . Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years theyd be in rags†. Dee does accept that the quilt represent her cultural heritage but never tried to understand the purpose of the quilts. Until the time when her mother and grandmother explained her Dee had no clue that giving Maggie the quilts help carry on the family tradition. It is not only important to accept Quilting as important tradition but to pass it as well. A tradition has no meaning if there is no one knows about it. Giving the quilts to Maggie is the best way to affirm that the connection of heritage will enhance and not only just bleakly exist. Thus, the above statements reveal the importance of symbolism. The same quilts represent heritage to both Dee and her mother but they perceive it quite differently than the other. Dee wants to preserve heritage and strongly believes that they are objects meant to be proud of and what can be a better method to reveal the pride by displaying them to the entire world. She is unable to perceive the knowledge and history attached with the quilts, and due to that fact her idea of â€Å"heritage† loses its very meaning to the core. According to her mother, however, one can not learn ones heritage until the tradition that tags along with it is understood. Dee has yet to experience the outside world, whereas Maggie has felt the treatment of the entire society while still remaining within the confines of her home. Dee feels as if her mother is unaware of the meaning and the importance of her familys heritage. But has she ever tried to realize her own heritage? In order to understand it took her mother and grandmother to make her reach down deep down in her soul. It was only then that Dee realized that although she had learned to live life with no boundaries, she has not yet attained the level of at which she could realize what is the most important question of her life What exactly is her heritage? Work Cited http://education.yahoo.com/reference/quotations/quote/54101 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_Use http://www.bownet.org/jmcdermott/everyday_use__by_alice_walker.htm